Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2616-1181
An Accidental Synthetic Chemist
Supported by: National Science Foundation
Supported by: National Institutes of Health GM131713
We thank the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (most recently GM131713) for support.

Abstract
A journey is described that began as a genetics major, passed through a brief period as a formal synthetic organic chemist, and proceeded through a decades-long quest to be a physical organic–organometallic chemist. Although a preponderance of our program has emphasized elucidating fundamental principles of how aggregation and solvation influence reactivity, this review focuses on the results that have implications in organic synthesis.
-
Introduction
-
The Early Years
-
Lithium Amides and N-Lithiated Species
-
Sodium Amides
-
Potassium Hexamethyldisilazide and Related Potassium Alkyl(trimethylsilyl) Amides
-
Carbanions
-
Enolates
-
Conclusions
Keywords
aggregation - asymmetric synthesis - carbanions - enantioselectivity - lithiation - solvent effects - stereoselective synthesis - organometallic reagentsPublication History
Received: 28 February 2025
Accepted after revision: 26 March 2025
Article published online:
25 July 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 Collum DB, Ganem B, Chen SC. J Org Chem. 1978; 43: 4393
- 2 From Wikipedia. ‘Murderers’ Row were the baseball teams of the New York Yankees in the late 1920s, widely considered some of the best teams in history.’ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderers%27_Row (accessed April 22, 2025)
- 3a Still WC. J Am Chem Soc. 1977; 99: 4836
- 3b Still WC. J Am Chem Soc. 1978; 100: 1481
- 3c Still WC, Mitra A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978; 33: 2659
- 4 Still WC, Kahn M, Mitra A. J Org Chem. 1978; 43: 2923
- 5 Still WC. J Am Chem Soc. 1977; 99: 4186
- 6a Still WC, Macdonald TL. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976; 31: 2659
- 6b Macdonald TL, Still WC. J Am Chem Soc. 1975; 97: 5280
- 6c For the first hint of higher order cuprates, see: House HO, Koepsell DG, Campbell WJ. J Org Chem. 1972; 37: 1003
- 7 Still WC. J Am Chem Soc. 1979; 101: 2493
- 8 Still WC, McDonald III JH, Collum DB, Mitra A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1979; 33: 593
- 9 Still WC, Tsai M-Y. J Am Chem Soc. 1980; 102: 3654
- 10a Collum DB, McDonald III. JH, Still WC. J Am Chem Soc. 1980; 102: 2117
- 10b Collum DB, McDonald III. JH, Still WC. J Am Chem Soc. 1980; 102: 2118
- 10c Collum DB, McDonald III. JH, Still WC. J Am Chem Soc. 1980; 102: 2120
- 11 Corey EJ, Nicolaou KC, Melvin LS. J Am Chem Soc. 1975; 97: 653
- 12 Fukuyama T, Wang CLJ, Kishi Y. J Am Chem Soc. 1979; 101: 260
- 13 Mohamadi F, Hallock JH, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1983; 105: 6882
- 14 Suzuki K, Shoji S, Kobayashi E, Inomata K. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 2001; 12: 2789 and references cited therein
- 15 Kubo I, Pettei MJ, Hirotsu K, Tsuji H, Kubota T. J Am Chem Soc. 1978; 100: 628
- 16 Kahne D, Collum DB. Tetrahedron Lett. 1981; 22: 5011
- 17 Corey EJ, Enders D. Chem Ber. 1978; 111: 1337
- 18a Kahne D, Gut S, DePue R. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 1984; 106: 4865
- 18b Wanat RA, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1985; 107: 2078
- 19 Mohamadi F, Collum DB. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984; 25: 271
- 20a Snider BB, Hui RAHF. J Org Chem. 1985; 50: 5167
- 20b Snider BB, Hui RAHF, Kulkarni YS. J Am Chem Soc. 1985; 107: 2194
- 21a McGuirk PR, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1982; 104: 4496
- 21b McGuirk PR, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 1984; 49: 843
- 22a Yeung BWA, Contelles JLM, Fraser-Reid B. Chem Commun. 1989; 1160
- 22b Smith AB, Empfield JR. Chem Pharm Bull. 1999; 47: 1671 and references cited therein
- 23 Wanat RA, Collum DB. Organometallics. 1985; 5: 120
- 24a Werner H, Mahr N, Frenking G, Jonas V. Organometallics. 1995; 14: 619
- 24b Martín C, Molina F, Alvarez E, Belderrain TR. Chem – Eur J. 2011; 17: 14885
- 24c Ewies EF, El-Sayed NF, Boulos LS. J Chem Res. 2016; 40: 417
- 25 Popik VV. Ethyl diazoacetate. In Paquette LA. ed e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. Vol 1. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2011
- 26 Hallock JS, Galiano-Roth AS, Collum DB. Organometallics. 1988; 7: 2486
- 27 Smith JM, Dixon JA, deGruyter JN, Baran PS. J Med Chem. 2019; 62: 2256
- 28 For a substitution at phosphorus of a coordinated halophosphine followed by orthometalation, see: Bedford RB, Betham M. et al. Chem Commun. 2008; 990
- 29a For reviews of alcoholyses of coordinated halophospines, see Roundhill DM, Sperline RP, Beaulieu WP. Coord Chem Rev. 1978; 26: 263
- 29b Kraihanzel CS. J Organomet Chem. 1974; 73: 137
- 30 Feldman J, Collum DB. Unpublished results
- 31a DePue RT, Ziller JW, Churchill MR, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1985; 107: 2131
- 31b DePue RT, Klang JA, Collum DB. Organometallics. 1986; 5: 1015
- 32 Lemper AL, Tieckelmann H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1964; 5: 3053
- 33 Klang JA, Collum DB. Organometallics. 1988; 7: 1532
- 34 DePue JS. Ph.D. Dissertation. USA: Cornell University; 1990
- 35 Rai R, Aubrecht KB, Collum DB. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995; 36: 3111
- 36a Lansbury PT, DuBois GE. Tetrahedron Lett. 1972; 13: 3305
- 36b Huff BJL, Tuller FN, Caine D. J Org Chem. 1969; 34: 3070
- 36c House HO, Umen MJ. J Org Chem. 1973; 38: 1000
- 36d Howe R, McQuillin FJ. J Chem Soc. 1958; 1194
- 36e Kuwajima I, Nakamura E. J Am Chem Soc. 1975; 97: 3257
- 36f Djerassi. Osiecki J, Eisenbraun EJ. J Am Chem Soc. 1961; 83: 4433
- 36g House HO, Tefertiller BA, Olmstead HD. J Org Chem. 1968; 33: 935
- 36h Kuehne ME. J Org Chem. 1970; 35: 171
- 36i Kuwajima I, Nakamura E, Shimizu M. J Am Chem Soc. 1982; 104: 1025
- 37 Fraser RR. Comprehensive Carbanion Chemistry. New York: Elsevier; 1980
- 38a Szwarc M. ed Ions and Ion Pairs in Organic Reactions. Vols 1. and 2 New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1972
- 38b Wakefield BJ. The Chemistry of Organolithium Compounds. New York: Pergamon Press; 1974
- 38c Brown TL. Pure Appl Chem. 1970; 23: 447
- 39a Williard PG, Salvino JM. J Org Chem. 1993; 58: 1
- 39b Barnett NDR, Mulvey RE, Clegg W, O’Neil PA. J Am Chem Soc. 1991; 113: 8187
- 39c Mulvey RE, Robertson SD. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2013; 52: 11470
- 40 Collum DB, McNeil AJ, Ramírez A. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2007; 46: 3002
- 41 Collum DB. Acc Chem Res. 1992; 25: 448
- 42 Reich HJ. Chem Rev. 2013; 113: 7130
- 43 Gupta L, Hoepker AC, Singh KJ, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 2009; 74: 2231
- 44 Algera RF, Gupta L, Hoepker AC. et al. J Org Chem. 2017; 82: 4513
- 45 Barr D, Snaith R, Wright DS, Mulvey RE, Wade K. J Am Chem Soc. 1987; 109: 7891
- 46a Seebach D. Proceedings of the Robert A. Welch Foundation Conferences on Chemistry and Biochemistry. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1984: 93
- 46b Seebach D. Chem A Int Ed Engl. 1988; 27: 1624
- 46c See also Harrison-Marchand A, Mongin F. Chem Rev. 2013; 113: 7470
- 47a Galiano-Roth AS, Kim Y-J, Gilchrist JH, Harrison AT, Fuller DJ, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1991; 113: 5053
- 47b Hall PL, Gilchrist JH, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1991; 113: 9571
- 47c Hall PL, Gilchrist JH, Harrison AT, Fuller DJ, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1991; 113: 9575
- 48 Evans DA, Scheidt KA, Johnston JN, Willis MC. J Am Chem Soc. 2001; 123: 4480
- 49 Lucht BL, Collum DB. Acc Chem Res. 1999; 32: 1035
- 50 Zhao P, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2003; 125: 14411
- 51 Godenschwager P, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2008; 130: 8726
- 52a Li BX, Le DN, Mack KA. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2017; 139: 10777
- 52b Mack KA, McClory A, Zhang H, Gosselin F, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2017; 139: 12182
- 53a Chaubet G, Goh SS, Mohammad M. et al. Chem – Eur J. 2017; 23: 14080
- 53b Graczyk PP, Zbrojkiewicz O, Nerdinger S. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 2017; 28: 387
- 53c Goh SS, Chaubet G, Gockel B. et al. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2015; 54: 12618
- 53d Hiersemann M, Jaschinski T. Selected diastereoselective reactions. Diastereoface-differentiating Claisen, cope, and [2,3]-Wittig rearrangements in contemporary natural product synthesis. In Carreira EM, Yamamoto H. eds Comprehensive Chirality. Vol 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2012: 625
- 53e Loke I, Bentzinger G, Holz J. et al. Org Biomol Chem. 2016; 14: 884
- 53f Harker WRR, Carswell EL, Carbery DR. Org Biomol Chem. 2012; 10: 1406
- 53g Majumdar KC, Nandi RK. Tetrahedron. 2013; 69: 6921
- 54 Snaddon TN, Buchgraber P, Schulthoff S, Wirtz C, Mynott R, Fürstner A. Chem Eur J. 2010; 16: 12133
- 55 Claisen rearrangements of alkali metal enolates have been reported on a number of occasions, see: Hiersemann M, Nubbemeyer U. eds The Claisen Rearrangement: Methods and Applications. Chapter 5 Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2007
- 56a Seyferth D. Organometallics. 2006; 25: 2
- 56b Seyferth D. Organometallics. 2009; 28: 2
- 56c Lochmann L, Janata M. Eur J Chem. 2014; 12: 537
- 56d Robertson SD, Uzelac M, Mulvey RE. Chem Rev. 2019; 119: 8332
- 56e Armstrong DR, Kennedy AR, Mulvey RE, Robertson SD. Chem – Eur J. 2011; 17: 8820
- 56f Mordini A. Sodium and potassium. In Mingos DMP, Crabtree RH. eds Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. Vol 9. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007: 3
- 56g Benkeser RA, Foster DJ, Sauve DM, Nobis JF. Chem Rev. 1957; 57: 867
- 56h Sreedharan R, Gandhi T. Chem – Eur J. 2024; 30: e202400435
- 57 Ma Y, Algera RF, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 2016; 81: 11312
- 58 Woltornist RA, Ma Y, Algera RF, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Collum DB. Synthesis. 2020; 52: 1478
- 59a For recent studies illustrating the synthetic potential of organosodium chemistry, see Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2021; 60: 9247
- 59b Anderson DE, Tortajada A, Hevia E. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2023; 62: e202218498
- 59c Harenberg JH, Reddy R, Reddy A, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2022; 61: e202203807
- 59d Davison N, McMullin CL, Zhang L. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2023; 145: 6562
- 59e De PB, Asako S, Ilies L. Synthesis. 2021; 53: 3180
- 59f Fuentes MA, Zabala A, Kennedy AR, Mulvey RE. Chem – Eur J. 2016; 22: 14968
- 59g Asako S, Takahashi I, Nakajima H, Ilies L, Takai K. Commun Chem. 2021; 4: 76
- 59h Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2021; 60: 14296
- 59i Wong HNC. Nat Catal. 2019; 2: 282
- 59j Asako S, Nakajima H, Takai K. Nat Catal. 2019; 2: 297
- 59k Klett J. Chem Eur J. 2021; 27: 888
- 59l Anderson DE, Tortajada A, Hevia E. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2024; 63: e202313556
- 59m Asako S, Kodera M, Nakajima H, Takai K. Adv Synth Catal. 2019; 361: 3120
- 59n Dilauro G, Luccarelli C, Quivelli AF, Vitale P, Perna FM, Capriati V. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2023; 62: e202304720
- 59o Tortajada A, Hevia E. J Am Chem Soc. 2022; 144: 20237
- 59p Ong DY, Pang JH, Chiba S, Synth J. Org Chem Jpn. 2019; 77: 1060
- 60 Algera RF, Ma Y, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2017; 139: 7921
- 61 Liotta CL, Berkner J, Wright J, Fair B. Mechanisms and applications of solid–liquid phase-transfer catalysis. In Halpern M. ed Phase-Transfer Catalysis. ACS Symposium Series 659. Chap. 3. Washington DC: American Chemical Society; 1997
- 62a Woltornist RA, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2020; 142: 6852
- 62b Woltornist RA, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 2021; 86: 2406
- 63 Woltornist RA, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2021; 143: 17452
- 64 You Q, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2023; 145: 23568
- 65a Ma Y, Lui NM, Keresztes J, Woltornist RA, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 2022; 87: 14223
- 65b You Q, Ma Y, Woltornist RA. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2024; 145: 30397
- 66 Spivey JA, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2024; 145: 17827
- 67 Spivey JA, Collum DB. Organometallics. 2024; 32: 684
- 68 Eis MJ, Wrobel JE, Ganem B. J Am Chem Soc. 1984; 106: 3693
- 69 Aubrecht KB, Winemiller MD, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2000; 122: 11084
- 70 Ma Y, Lobkovsky E, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 2005; 70: 2335
- 71a Thompson AS, Corley EG, Huntington MF, Grabowski EJJ. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995; 36: 8937
- 71b Grabowski EJJ. Reflections on process research. In Abdel-Magid AF, Ragan JA. eds Chemical Process Research: The Art of Practical Organic Synthesis. Washington DC: American Chemical Society; 2004: 1-21
- 72a Thompson A, Corley EG, Huntington MF, Grabowski EJJ, Remenar JF, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1998; 120: 2028
- 72b Xu F, Reamer RA, Tillyer R. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2000; 122: 11212
- 73 Kauffman GS, Harris GD, Dorow RL. et al. Org Lett. 2000; 2: 3119
- 74a Parsons Jr RL, Fortunak JM, Dorow RL. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2001; 123: 9135
- 74b Briggs TF, Winemiller MD, Collum DB. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2004; 126: 5427
- 74c Briggs TF, Winemiller MD, Xiang B, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 2001; 66: 6291
- 75 Parsons Jr RL. Opin Drug Discovery Dev. 2000; 3: 783
- 76 Coe JW, Wirtz MC, Bashore CG, Candler J. Org Lett. 2004; 6: 1589
- 77a Ramírez A, Candler J, Bashore CG, Wirtz MC, Coe JW, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2004; 126: 14700
- 77b Riggs JC, Ramírez A, Cremeens ME. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2008; 130: 3406
- 78 Thompson CM. Dianion Chemistry in Organic Synthesis. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1994
- 79 Han Y, Ma Y, Keresztes I, Collum DB, Corey EJ. Org Lett. 2014; 16: 4678
- 80 Ma Y, Breslin S, Keresztes I, Lobkovsky E, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 2008; 73: 9610
- 81a Davis ML, Wakefield BJ, Wardell JA. Tetrahedron. 1992; 48: 939
- 81b Juchum M, Guenther M, Doering E, Sievers-Engler A, Laemmerhofer M, Laufer S. J Med Chem. 2017; 60: 4636
- 82 Base-mediated functionalizations of 3-picoline are not common and are restricted to narrow groups of electrophiles that include alkyl halides and unreactive carbonyl groups, presumably owing to the dimerization
- 83 For a discussion and examples of base-mediated self-condensation of heterocycles, see ref. 80
- 84a For mixed condensation of heteroaryllithiums with heteroarenes, see Gros P, Fort Y. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans. 1998; 1: 3515
- 84b Kauffmann T. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 1979; 18: 1 and references cited therein
- 85 Ma Y, Collum DB. Unpublished results
- 86a Comins DL, Higuchi K, Young DW. Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry. 2013; 110: 175
- 86b Comparini L. M, Pineschi M. Molecules; 2023 28:6186
- 87 West SP, Bisai A, Lim AD, Narayan RR, Sarpong R. J Am Chem Soc. 2009; 131: 11187
- 88 Gruver JM, West SP, Collum DB, Sarpong R. J Am Chem Soc. 2010; 132: 13212
- 89 Gladfelder J, Ghosh S, Podunavac M. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2019; 141: 15024
- 90 Much of the stereochemical analysis remains unpublished
- 91 Czekaj M, Klein SI, Guertin KR. et al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2002; 12: 1667
- 92a For instances in which heteroaggregation offered insights into homoaggregation, see Kissling RM, Gagne MR. J Org Chem. 2001; 66: 9005
- 92b Galiano-Roth AS, Michaelides EM, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1988; 110: 2658
- 92c Reich HJ, Goldenberg WS, Gudmundsson BÖ. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2001; 123: 8067
- 92d Gilchrist JH, Harrison AT, Fuller DJ, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1990; 112: 4069
- 92e Hoffmann D, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 1998; 120: 5810
- 92f Fraenkel G, Henrichs M, Hewitt M, Su BM. J Am Chem Soc. 1984; 106: 255
- 92g Novak DP, Brown TL. J Am Chem Soc. 1972; 94: 3793
- 92h Desjardins S, Flinois K, Oulyadi H. et al. Organometallics. 2003; 22: 4090
- 92i Günther H, In Gielen M, Willem R, Wrackmeyer B. eds Advanced Applications of NMR to Organometallic Chemistry. New York: Wiley & Sons; 1996: 247-290
- 92j Weingarten H, Van Wazer JR. J Am Chem Soc. 1965; 87: 724
- 92k Góralski P, Legoff D, Chabanel M. J Organomet Chem. 1993; 456: 1
- 93 McNeil AJ, Toombes GES, Chandramouli SV. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2004; 126: 5938
- 94 Renny JS, Tomasevich LL, Tallmadge EH, Collum DB. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2013; 52: 11998
- 95 For examples of and leading references to various examples of enolate–solvent combinations studied by MCV, see refs 52, 94, 99, 103, 108 and 119
- 96 Casy BM, Flowers RA. J Am Chem Soc. 2011; 133: 11492
- 97 McNeil AJ, Toombes GES, Gruner SM. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2004; 126: 16559
- 98 Wright S. W, Choi C, Chung S. et al. Org Lett. 2015; 17: 5204
- 99a Houghton MJ, Biok NA, Huck CJ. et al. J Org Chem. 2016; 81: 4149
- 99b Houghton MJ, Huck CJ, Wright SW, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2016; 116: 10276
- 100 Huck C. J, Houghton M. J, Collum D. B. Unpublished results
- 101 Singer RA, Ragan JA, Bowles P. et al. Org Process Res Dev. 2014; 18: 26
- 102 Reyes-Rodríguez GJ, Algera RF, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2017; 139: 1233
- 103 Tallmadge EH, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2015; 137: 13087
- 104 Tallmadge EH, Jermaks J, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2016; 138: 345
- 105 March J. Advanced Organic Chemistry. 4th ed New York: John Wiley& Sons; 1980: 959
- 106a Ager DJ, Prakash I, Schaad DR. Chem Rev. 1996; 96: 835
- 106b Wu G, Huang M. Chem Rev. 2006; 106: 2596
- 106c Farina V, Reeves JT, Senanayake CH, Song JJ. Chem Rev. 2006; 106: 2734
- 106d G.-Q L, Y-M. Chan ASC. Principles and Applications of Asymmetric Synthesis. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2001: 135
- 106e Palomo C, Oiarbide M, Garcia JM. Chem Soc Rev. 2004; 33: 65
- 106f Baiget J, Cosp A, Galvez E, Gomez-Pinal L, Romea P, Urpi F. Tetrahedron. 2008; 64: 5637
- 106g Mahrwald R. ed Modern Aldol Reactions. Vols 1. and 2 Wiley-VCH; 2004
- 107 Jermaks J, Tallmadge EH, Keresztes K, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2018; 140: 3077
- 108 Zhang Z, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2019; 141: 388
- 109 Li B-J, El-Nachef C, Beauchemin AM. Chem Commun. 2017; 53: 13192
- 110a Koskinen AMP, Kataja AO. Org React. 2015; 86: 105
- 110b Mahrwald R. In Mahrwald R. ed Modern Aldol Reactions. Vol 2. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2004: 327
- 111 Price KE, Broadwater SJ, Walker BJ, McQuade DT. J Org Chem. 2005; 70: 3980
- 112a Evans DA, Kim AS, Skrydstrup T, Taaning RH. (S)-4-Benzyl-2-oxazolidinone. In E-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2007: 1-18.6
- 112b Evans DA, Adams DJ, Kwan EE. J Am Chem Soc. 2012; 134: 8162
- 112c Cowden CJ, Paterson I. Org React. 1997; 51: 1
- 113 Zhang Z, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 2017; 82: 7595
- 114a Tomooka K, Komine N, Nakai T. Chirality. 2000; 12: 505
- 114b Nakai T, Mikami K. Org React. 1994; 46: 105
- 114c The Wittig rearrangement. In Knochel P. Molander GA. eds Comprehensive Organic Synthesis. 2nd ed Vol 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2014: 1038
- 115 Zhang Z, Collum DB. J Org Chem. 2019; 84: 10892
- 116 Myers AG, Yang BH, Chen H, McKinstry L, Kopecky DJ, Gleason JL. J Am Chem Soc. 1997; 119: 6496
- 117 Zhou Y, Jermaks J, Keresztes I, MacMillan SN, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2019; 141: 5444
- 118 Zhou Y, Keresztes I, MacMillan SN, Collum DB. J Am Chem Soc. 2019; 141: 16865
- 119 Yamashita Y, Emura Y, Odashima K, Koga K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000; 41: 209
- 120 Frizzle J, Nani RR, Martinelli MJ, Moniz GA. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011; 52: 5653
- 121 Stivala CE, Zakarian A. J Am Chem Soc. 2011; 133: 11936
- 122 Ma Y, Stivala CE, Wright AM. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2013; 135: 16853
- 123 Ma Y, Mack KA, Liang J, Keresztes I, Collum DB, Zakarian A. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2016; 55: 10097
- 124 Lu P, Jackson J, Yu K. et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2017; 139: 537
- 125a Oppolzer W. Tetrahedron. 1987; 43: 1969
- 125b Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 2014; 25: 1061