DOI:
        10.1055/s-00035026
      
      
        Applied Clinical Informatics
      
      
        
          
            Ausgabe 05 ·
           Volume 12 ·
           Oktober 2021
            
          
           DOI: 10.1055/s-011-52125 
          
          
          
  
    
      
    
  
  
        
        
  
  
    
  
  
  
  
  
    
  
  
  
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
  
    
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
        
          
            
              
              
              
                
                  
                    
                    
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Research Article
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        969
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Kumah-Crystal, Yaa A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Stein, Preston M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chen, Qingxia; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lehmann, Christoph U.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Novak, Laurie L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Roth, Sydney; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rosenbloom, S. Trent: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Case Report
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        979
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Bass, Michael; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Oncken, Christian; 
              
            
          
            
              
              McIntyre, Allison W.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Dasilva, Chris; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Spuhl, Joshua; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rothrock, Nan E.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Research Article
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        996
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Narayanan, Maya; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Starks, Helene; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Tanenbaum, Eric; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Robinson, Ellen; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sutton, Paul R.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Schleyer, Anneliese M.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1002
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Moy, Amanda J.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Aaron, Lucy; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Cato, Kenrick D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Schwartz, Jessica M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Elias, Jonathan; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Trepp, Richard; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rossetti, Sarah Collins: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1014
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Harrington, Linda; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Parker, Cheryl; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ulanday, Kathleen; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Harrington, Craig: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1021
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Meer, Elana A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Herriman, Maguire; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lam, Doreen; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Parambath, Andrew; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rosin, Roy; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Volpp, Kevin G.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chaiyachati, Krisda H.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              McGreevey, John D.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1049
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Kinlay, Madaline; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ho, Lai Mun Rebecca; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Zheng, Wu Yi; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Burke, Rosemary; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Juraskova, Ilona; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Moles, Rebekah; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Baysari, Melissa: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Special Section on Workflow Automation
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1041
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Gordon, William J.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Blood, Alexander J.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chaney, Kira; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Clark, Eugene; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Glynn, Corey; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Green, Remlee; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Laurent, John St.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Mailly, Charlotte; 
              
            
          
            
              
              McPartlin, Marian; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Murphy, Shawn; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Nichols, Hunter; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Oates, Michael; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Subramaniam, Samantha; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Varugheese, Matthew; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wagholikar, Kavishwar; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Aronson, Samuel; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Scirica, Benjamin M.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Special Section on Disparities, Biases, and Disinformation in Health Care
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1110
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Mukhopadhyay, Surma; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Basak, Ramsankar; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Khairat, Saif; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Carney, Timothy J.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Research Article
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1091
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Fazaeli, Somayeh; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Khodaveisi, Taleb; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Vakilzadeh, Ali Khorsand; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Yousefi, Mehdi; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ariafar, Atousa; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Shokoohizadeh, Mohsen; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Mohammad-Pour, Saeed: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1101
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Stephens, Ashley B.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wynn, Chelsea S.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Hofstetter, Annika M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kolff, Chelsea; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Pena, Oscar; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kahn, Eric; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Dasgupta, Balendu; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Natarajan, Karthik; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Vawdrey, David K.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lane, Mariellen M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Robbins-Milne, Laura; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ramakrishnan, Rajasekhar; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Holleran, Stephen; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Stockwell, Melissa S.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1061
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Moy, Amanda J.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Schwartz, Jessica M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Withall, Jennifer; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lucas, Eugene; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Cato, Kenrick D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rosenbloom, S. Trent; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Johnson, Kevin; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Murphy, Judy; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Detmer, Don E.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rossetti, Sarah Collins: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1074
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              McDonald, Samuel; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Basit, Mujeeb A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Toomay, Seth; 
              
            
          
            
              
              McLarty, Christopher; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Hernandez, Susan; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rubio, Chris; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Brown, Bruce J.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rauschuber, Mark; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lai, Ki; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Saleh, Sameh N.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Willett, DuWayne L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lehmann, Christoph U.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Medford, Richard J.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1030
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Penev, Yordan; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Dunlap, Kaitlyn; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Husic, Arman; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Hou, Cathy; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Washington, Peter; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Leblanc, Emilie; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kline, Aaron; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kent, John; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ng-Thow-Hing, Anthony; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Liu, Bennett; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Harjadi, Christopher; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Tsou, Meagan; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Desai, Manisha; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wall, Dennis P.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1082
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              de Hoop, Tom; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Neumuth, Thomas: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Special Section on Workflow Automation
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1161
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Chi, Wei Ning; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Reamer, Courtney; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Gordon, Robert; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sarswat, Nitasha; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Gupta, Charu; 
              
            
          
            
              
              White VanGompel, Emily; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Dayiantis, Julie; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Morton-Jost, Melissa; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ravichandran, Urmila; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Larimer, Karen; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Victorson, David; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Erwin, John; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Halasyamani, Lakshmi; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Solomonides, Anthony; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Padman, Rema; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Shah, Nirav S.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1157
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Yang, Kevin; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Nambudiri, Vinod E.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Case Report
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1150
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Shenson, Jared A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Jankovic, Ivana; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Hong, Hyo Jung; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Weia, Benjamin; 
              
            
          
            
              
              White, Lee; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chen, Jonathan H.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Eisenberg, Matthew: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Research Article
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1144
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Benson, Nicole M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Belisle, Caryn; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Bates, David W.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Salmasian, Hojjat: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1120
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Soegaard Ballester, Jacqueline M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Bass, Geoffrey D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Urbani, Richard; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fala, Glenn; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Patel, Rutvij; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Leri, Damien; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Steinkamp, Jackson M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Denson, Joshua L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rosin, Roy; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Adusumalli, Srinath; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Hanson, Clarence William; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Koppel, Ross; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Airan-Javia, Subha: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Case Report
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        1135
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Dyda, Amalie; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fahim, Magid; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fraser, Jon; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kirrane, Marianne; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wong, Ides; 
              
            
          
            
              
              McNeil, Keith; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ruge, Maree; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lau, Colleen L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sullivan, Clair: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Research Article
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        984
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Nanji, Karen C.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Garabedian, Pamela M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Shaikh, Sofia D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Langlieb, Marin E.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Boxwala, Aziz; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Gordon, William J.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Bates, David W.: