Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-1631-1606
α-Csp3–H Bond Functionalization of Simple Ethers in Radical Reactions
This work was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY19B020001, LQ18B020001) and Foundation of University Student Innovation Program (2021R434001) for financial support.

Abstract
The direct α-Csp3–H functionalization of simple ethers is a vital strategy among radical reactions. This review discusses their applications according to the starting materials: (1) reactions with alkenes or alkynes; (2) reactions with other unsaturated compounds; and (3) reactions with nucleophilic partners. Mechanisms like radical addition, C–H activation, elimination, metal-catalyzed coupling, cyclization, oxidation, and rearrangement will be analyzed herein.
1 Introduction
2 Reactions with Alkenes or Alkynes
3 Reactions with Other Unsaturated Compounds
4 Reactions with Nucleophilic Partners
5 Oxidation of Ethers
6 Conclusions
Publication History
Received: 22 July 2021
Accepted after revision: 02 September 2021
Accepted Manuscript online:
02 September 2021
Article published online:
20 October 2021
© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1a Wang N.-X, Zhang L.-Y, Wu Y.-H, Xing Y. Synlett 2021; 32: 23
- 1b Zhang S.-Y, Zhang F.-M, Tu Y.-Q. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011; 40: 1937
- 1c Guo S.-r, Kumar PS, Yang M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2017; 359: 2
- 1d Nakata T. Chem. Rev. 2005; 105: 4314
- 1e Kang EJ, Lee E. Chem. Rev. 2005; 105: 4348
- 1f Taylor RD, MacCoss M, Lawson AD. G. J. Med. Chem. 2014; 57: 5845
- 1g Roughley SD, Jordan AM. J. Med. Chem. 2011; 54: 3451
- 1h Liu D, Liu C, Li H, Lei A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013; 52: 4453
- 2a Zhao J, Zhou W, Han J, Li G, Pan Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2013; 54: 6507
- 2b Liu Z, Wang L, Liu D, Wang Z. Synlett 2015; 26: 2849
- 2c Fang Z, Wei C, Lin J, Liu Z, Wang W, Xu C, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017; 15: 9974
- 2d Ji P.-Y, Liu Y.-F, Xu J.-W, Luo W.-P, Liu Q, Guo C.-G. J. Org. Chem. 2017; 82: 2965
- 2e Jang Y.-J, Shih Y.-K, Liu J.-Y, Kuo W.-Y, Yao C.-F. Chem. Eur. J. 2003; 9: 2123
- 2f Sølvhøj A, Ahlburg A, Madsen R. Chem. Eur. J. 2015; 21: 16272
- 2g Paul S, Guin J. Green Chem. 2017; 19: 2530
- 2h Gu H, Wang C. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015; 13: 5880
- 2i Ge X, Hoang KL. M, Leow ML, Liu X.-W. RSC Adv. 2014; 4: 45191
- 3a Chen R, Wang K.-K, Wang Z.-Y, Ma X, Wang D, Zhang A.-a, Liu L. ChemistrySelect 2020; 5: 2078
- 3b Li J, Li J, Yuan S, Zhang Q, Li D. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2019; 8: 1842
- 3c Cheng K, Huang L, Zhang Y. Org. Lett. 2009; 11: 2908
- 3d Sun H, Zhang Y, Guo F, Zha Z, Wang Z. J. Org. Chem. 2012; 77: 3563
- 4 Hou J, Ee A, Cao H, Ong H.-W, Xu JH, Wu J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018; 57: 17220
- 5a Capaldo L, Merli D, Fagnoni M, Ravelli D. ACS Catal. 2019; 9: 3054
- 5b Fan X.-Z, Rong J.-W, Wu H.-L, Zhou Q, Deng H.-P, Tan JD, Xue C.-W, Wu L.-Z, Tao H.-R, Wu J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018; 57: 8514
- 5c Yamada KI, Maekawa M, Akindele T, Nakano M, Yamamoto Y, Tomioka K. J. Org. Chem. 2008; 73: 9535
- 5d Yamada KI, Maekawa M, Yamamoto Y, Nakano M, Akindele T, Tomioka K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009; 50: 6040
- 5e Rohe S, Morris AO, McCallum T, Barriault L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018; 57: 15664
- 5f Morton CM, Zhu Q, Ripberger H, Troian-Gautier L, Toa ZS, Knowles RR, Alexanian EJ. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019; 141: 13253
- 5g Ohmatsu K, Suzuki R, Furukawa Y, Sato M, Ooi T. ACS Catal. 2020; 10: 2627
- 5h Kamijo S, Takao G, Kamijo K, Tsuno T, Ishiguro K, Murafuji T. Org. Lett. 2016; 18: 4912
- 5i Lan Y, Fan P, Liu X.-W, Meng F.-F, Ahmad T, Xu Y.-H, Loh T.-P. Chem. Commun. 2017; 53: 12353
- 5j Chen R, Yu J.-T, Cheng J. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2018; 16: 1823
- 5k More SG, Suryavanshi G. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2019; 17: 3239
- 5l Ravelli D, Montanaro S, Zema M, Fagnoni M, Albini A. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011; 353: 3295
- 5m Raviola C, Ravelli D. Synlett 2019; 30: 803
- 5n Jeong IH, Jeon SL, Kim BT. Synth. Commun. 2000; 30: 4309
- 5o Abadie B, Jardel D, Pozzi G, Toullec P, Vincent JM. Chem. Eur. J. 2019; 25: 16120
- 5p Kuang Y, Wang K, Shi X, Huang X, Meggers E, Wu J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019; 58: 16859
- 5q Capaldo L, Fagnoni M, Ravelli D. Chem. Eur. J. 2017; 23: 6527
- 6a Xia D, Li Y, Miao T, Li P, Wang L. Green Chem. 2017; 19: 1732
- 6b Wei W.-T, Zhou M.-B, Fan J.-H, Liu W, Song R.-J, Liu Y, Hu M, Xie P, Li J.-H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013; 52: 3638
- 6c Li Y, Sun S, Cheng J, Yu J. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2020; 18: 650
- 6d Zhang M, Xie P, Zhao W, Niu B, Wu W, Bian Z, Pittman CU. Jr, Zhou A. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 80: 4176
- 6e Sun K, Li G, Li Y, Yu J, Zhao Q, Zhang Z, Zhang G. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2020; 362: 1947
- 6f Gao L.-H, Zhang J.-Y, Song S.-Z, Cao T.-T, Ge G.-P, Li Q, Wei W.-T. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2019; 17: 7674
- 6g Liu Y, Wang Q.-L, Zhou C.-S, Xiong B.-Q, Zhang P.-L, Yang C.-a, Tang K.-W. J. Org. Chem. 2017; 82: 7394
- 6h Chu X.-Q, Meng H, Zi Y, Xu X.-P, Ji S.-J. Chem. Commun. 2014; 50: 9718
- 6i Gu L, Gao Y, Ai X, Jin C, He Y, Li G, Yuan M. Chem. Commun. 2017; 53: 12946
- 7a Zhang J, Li P, Wang L. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2014; 12: 2969
- 7b Xie X, Liu J, Wang L, Wang M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2020; 2020: 1534
- 7c Yang Y, Huang H, Zhang X, Zeng W, Liang Y. Synthesis 2013; 45: 3137
- 8 Ye Y.-X, Ou Y.-L, Liang H, Zhou H.-Y, Ye B.-H. Catal. Commun. 2018; 106: 96
- 9a Tusun X, Lu C.-D. Synlett 2013; 24: 1693
- 9b Huang L, Cheng K, Yao B, Zhao J, Zhang Y. Synthesis 2009; 3504
- 9c Zhang Y, Li C.-J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004; 45: 7581
- 9d Chen Z, Zhang Y.-X, An Y, Song X.-L, Wang Y.-H, Zhu L.-J, Guo L. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009; 2009: 5146
- 9e Chen L, Yang J, Li L, Weng Z, Kang Q. Tetrahedron Lett. 2014; 55: 6096
- 9f Li J, Zhang J, Tan H, Wang DZ. Org. Lett. 2015; 17: 2522
- 9g Zhang M, Zhao Y, Chen W. Synthesis 2017; 49: 1342
- 9h Deng H.-P, Fan X.-Z, Chen Z.-H, Xu Q.-H, Wu J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017; 139: 13579
- 10a Wan Z.-j, Yuan X.-f, Luo J. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2020; 18: 3258
- 10b Go SY, Lee GS, Hong SH. Org. Lett. 2018; 20: 4691
- 11a Wei W.-T, Song R.-J, Ouyang X.-H, Li Y, Li H.-B, Li J.-H. Org. Chem. Front. 2014; 1: 484
- 11b Chen W, Zhang Y, Li P, Wang L. Org. Chem. Front. 2018; 5: 855
- 12a Kong D.-L, Cheng L, Wu H.-R, Li Y.-X, Wang D, Liu L. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016; 14: 2210
- 12b Pan C, Zhang H, Zhu C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2016; 57: 595
- 12c Wang J, Mou X.-Q, Zhang B.-H, Liu W.-T, Yang C, Xu L, Xu Z.-L, Wang S.-H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2016; 57: 1239
- 13a Yuan H, Liu Z, Shen Y, Zhao H, Li C, Jia X, Li J. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2019; 361: 2009
- 13b Feng S, Li T, Du C, Chen P, Song D, Li J, Xie X, She X. Chem. Commun. 2017; 53: 4585
- 13c Anton-Torrecillas C, Felipe-Blanco D, Gonzalez-Gomez JC. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016; 14: 10620
- 13d Pan C, Han J, Zhu C. Sci. China Chem. 2014; 57: 1172
- 13e Xu Y, Chen H, Li W, Xie Q, Yu L, Shao L. ChemistrySelect 2017; 2: 8033
- 14a Kamijo S, Hoshikawa T, Inoue M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011; 52: 2885
- 14b Wang L, Tian Q, Bin C, Zhang G. Tetrahedron Lett. 2019; 60: 2084
- 15 Averina EB, Vasilenko DA, Samoilichenko YV, Grishin YK, Rybakov VB, Kuznetsova TS, Zefirov NS. Synthesis 2014; 46: 1107
- 16a Yoshimitsu T, Arano Y, Nagaoka H. J. Org. Chem. 2005; 70: 2342
- 16b Yoshimitsu T, Arano Y, Nagaoka H. J. Org. Chem. 2003; 68: 625
- 16c Yoshimitsu T, Tsunoda M, Nagaoka H. Chem. Commun. 1999; 1745
- 16d Reckenthäler M, Neudörfl JM, Zorlu E, Griesbeck AG. J. Org. Chem. 2016; 81: 7211
- 17a Zeng H, Lu D, Gong Y. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2017; 2017: 7231
- 17b Yang S, Zhu S, Lu D, Gong Y. Org. Lett. 2019; 21: 2019
- 17c Supranovich VI, Levin VV, Dilman AD. Org. Lett. 2019; 21: 4271
- 17d Vil VA, Grishin SS, Baberkina EP, Kostyagina VA, Kovalenko AE, Terent’ev AO. Tetrahedron Lett. 2020; 61: 152150
- 17e Yamada KI, Yamamoto Y, Tomioka K. Org. Lett. 2003; 5: 1797
- 17f Mutra MR, Dhandabani GK, Wang J.-J. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2018; 360: 3960
- 18a Wang X, Wang Z. Tetrahedron 2014; 70: 6728
- 18b Lipp A, Lahm G, Opatz T. J. Org. Chem. 2016; 81: 4890
- 19a Wu Y, Wang N, Zhang T, Zhang LY, Gao X, Xu B, Xing Y, Chi J. Org. Lett. 2019; 21: 7450
- 19b Salman M, Huang X, Huang Z. Synlett 2015; 26: 1391
- 19c Jin J, MacMillan DW. C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015; 54: 1565
- 20a Zhao H, Jin J. Org. Lett. 2019; 21: 6179
- 20b Okugawa N, Moriyama K, Togo H. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 2015: 4973
- 20c Zhou J, Zou Y, Zhou P, Chen Z, Li J. Org. Chem. Front. 2019; 6: 1594
- 20d McCallum T, Jouanno LA, Cannillo A, Barriault L. Synlett 2016; 27: 1282
- 20e Huang C, Li J, Liu W, Li C. Chem. Sci. 2019; 10: 5018
- 20f Wang S, Fan Y, Zhao H, Wang J, Zhang S, Wang W. Synlett 2019; 30: 2096
- 20g Quattrini MC, Fujii S, Yamada K, Fukuyama T, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M, Ryu I. Chem. Commun. 2017; 53: 2335
- 20h Devari S, Shah BA. Chem. Commun. 2016; 52: 1490
- 21a Vijeta A, Reisner E. Chem. Commun. 2019; 55: 14007
- 21b Liu S, Liu A, Zhang Y, Wang W. Chem. Sci. 2017; 8: 4404
- 21c Liang X, Niu L, Wang S, Liu J, Lei A. Org. Lett. 2019; 21: 2441
- 21d Huang H, Strater ZM, Lambert TH. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020; 142: 1698
- 21e He T, Yu L, Zhang L, Wang L, Wang W. Org. Lett. 2011; 13: 5016
- 21f Zhang Y, Teuscher KB, Ji H. Chem. Sci. 2016; 7: 2111
- 22a Sun W, Xie Z, Liu J, Wang L. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015; 13: 4596
- 22b Lai M, Li Y, Wu Z, Zhao M, Ji X, Liu P, Zhang X. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2018; 7: 1118
- 22c Wu Z, Pi C, Cui X, Bai J, Wu Y. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013; 355: 1971
- 22d Fang L, Chen L, Yu J, Wang L. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 2015: 1910
- 23a Yang K, Li D, Zhang L, Chen Q, Tang T. RSC Adv. 2018; 8: 13671
- 23b Jin L, Feng J, Lu G, Cai C. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2015; 357: 2105
- 23c Yang Q, Choy PY, Wu Y, Fan B, Kwong FY. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016; 14: 2608
- 23d Li Y, Wang M, Fan W, Qian F, Li G, Lu H. J. Org. Chem. 2016; 81: 11743
- 24a Xie Z, Cai Y, Hu H, Lin C, Jiang J, Chen Z, Wang L, Pan Y. Org. Lett. 2013; 15: 4600
- 24b Yuan J, Fu J, Yin J, Dong Z, Xiao Y, Mao P, Qu L. Org. Chem. Front. 2018; 5: 2820
- 24c Singsardar M, Laru S, Mondal S, Hajra A. J. Org. Chem. 2019; 84: 4543
- 24d Yu Y, Jiao L, Wang J, Wang H, Yu C, Hao E, Boens N. Chem. Commun. 2017; 53: 581
- 24e Correa A, Fiser B, Gómez-Bengoa E. Chem. Commun. 2015; 51: 13365
- 24f Dong J, Xia Q, Lv X, Yan C, Song H, Liu Y, Wang Q. Org. Lett. 2018; 20: 5661
- 25a Jafarpour F, Darvishmolla M. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2018; 16: 3396
- 25b Wang C, Mi X, Li Q, Li Y, Huang M, Zhang J, Wu Y, Wu Y. Tetrahedron 2015; 71: 6689
- 25c Doan SH, Nguyen VH. H, Nguyen TH, Pham PH, Nguyen NN, Phan AN. Q, Tu TN, Phan NT. RSC Adv. 2018; 8: 10736
- 25d Niu B, Zhao W, Ding Y, Bian Z, Pittman CU. Jr, Zhou A, Ge H. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 80: 7251
- 26a Ghosh T, Maity P, Ranu BC. Org. Lett. 2018; 20: 1011
- 26b Mane KD, Mukherjee A, Vanka K, Suryavanshi G. J. Org. Chem. 2019; 84: 2039
- 26c Li S, Wang B, Dong G, Li C, Liu H. RSC Adv. 2018; 8: 13454
- 26d Samanta S, Hajra A. J. Org. Chem. 2019; 84: 4363
- 26e Li Q, Hu W, Hu R, Lu H, Li G. Org. Lett. 2017; 19: 4676
- 27 Shen L, Gao X, Luan N, Liu Z, Li J, Zou D, Wu Y, Wu Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2020; 18: 1738
- 28 Li Z.-L, Sun K.-K, Wu P.-Y, Cai C. J. Org. Chem. 2019; 84: 6830
- 29 Sun Q, Zhang Y.-Y, Sun J, Han Y, Jia X, Yan C.-G. J. Org. Chem. 2018; 83: 6640
- 30a Ding R, Lu W.-G, Ci H, Mao Y.-Y, Liu L. ChemistrySelect 2019; 4: 6954
- 30b Wen J, Zhang F, Shi W, Lei A. Chem. Eur. J. 2017; 23: 8814
- 30c Wang Q, Lou J, Wu P, Wu K, Yu Z. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2017; 359: 2981
- 30d Li Z, Yu R, Li H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008; 47: 7497
- 31a Buslov I, Hu X. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2014; 356: 3325
- 31b Gu L.-H, Zhang D.-D, Qi Q.-R, Yin P, He L. Tetrahedron 2014; 70: 8155
- 31c Campos J, Goforth SK, Crabtree RH, Gunnoe TB. RSC Adv. 2014; 4: 47951
- 31d Yue Q, Xiao Z, Ran Z, Yuan S, Zhang Q, Li D. Org. Chem. Front. 2018; 5: 967
- 31e He L, Yu J, Zhang J, Yu X.-Q. Org. Lett. 2007; 9: 2277
- 31f Wang H, Li Y, Wang Z, Lou J, Xiao Y, Qiu G, Hu X, Altenbach HJ, Liu P. RSC Adv. 2014; 4: 25287
- 31g Sun K, Wang X, Li G, Zhu Z, Jiang Y, Xiao B. Chem. Commun. 2014; 50: 12880
- 31h Zhou L, Tang S, Qi X, Lin C, Liu K, Liu C, Lan Y, Lei A. Org. Lett. 2014; 16: 3404
- 31i Yue Q, Xiao Z, Kuang Z, Su Z, Zhang Q, Li D. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2018; 360: 1193
- 32 Pan Z, Fan Z, Lu B, Cheng J. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2018; 360: 1761
- 33a Yang Q, Choy PY, Fu WC, Fan B, Kwong FY. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 80: 11193
- 33b Wu X, Qiao K, Qin H, Zhang D, Gao D, Yang Z, Fang Z, Guo K. Org. Chem. Front. 2019; 6: 2672
- 33c Aruri H, Singh U, Sharma S, Gudup S, Bhogal M, Kumar S, Singh D, Gupta VK, Kant R, Vishwakarma RA, Singh PP. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 80: 1929
- 33d Luo Z, Jiang Z, Jiang W, Lin D. J. Org. Chem. 2018; 83: 3710
- 33e Sun B, Yan Z, Jin C, Su W. Synlett 2018; 29: 2432
- 33f Pan S, Liu J, Li H, Wang Z, Guo X, Li Z. Org. Lett. 2010; 12: 1932
- 33g Huang R, Xie C, Huang L, Liu J. Tetrahedron 2013; 69: 577
- 33h Guo H.-G, Xia C, Niu H.-Y, Zhang X.-T, Kong S.-N, Wang D.-C, Qu G.-R. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011; 353: 53
- 33i Abebe H, Vidavalur S, Battula VR. ChemistrySelect 2017; 2: 4165
- 33j Wu J, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Chiang C.-W, Lei A. ACS Catal. 2017; 7: 8320
- 33k Singh MK, Akula HK, Satishkumar S, Stahl L, Lakshman MK. ACS Catal. 2016; 6: 1921
- 33l Zhu K, Wang L, Chen Q, He M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2015; 56: 4943
- 34a Wang M.-K, Zhou Z.-l, Tang R.-Y, Zhang X.-G, Deng C.-l. Synlett 2013; 24: 737
- 34b Barks JM, Gilbert BC, Parsons AF, Upeandran B. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000; 41: 6249
- 34c Ye B, Zhao J, Zhao K, McKenna JM, Toste FD. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018; 140: 8350
- 34d Baati R, Valleix A, Mioskowski C, Barma DK, Falck JR. Org. Lett. 2000; 2: 485
- 35a Kumar GS, Pieber B, Reddy KR, Kappe CO. Chem. Eur. J. 2012; 18: 6124
- 35b Barve BD, Wu Y.-C, El-Shazly M, Korinek M, Cheng Y.-B, Wang J.-J, Chang F.-R. Tetrahedron 2015; 71: 2290
- 35c Barve BD, Wu Y.-C, El-Shazly M, Korinek M, Cheng Y.-B, Wang J.-J, Chang F.-R. Org. Lett. 2014; 16: 1912
- 36a Jiang H, Tang X, Liu S, Wang L, Shen H, Yang J, Wang H, Gui Q. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2019; 17: 10223
- 36b Guo Z, Jin C, Zhou J, Su W. RSC Adv. 2016; 6: 79016
- 36c Xu X, Sun J, Lin Y, Cheng J, Li P, Yan Y, Shuai Q, Xie Y. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017; 15: 9875
- 36d Ren Z, Zhao MN, Guan Z. RSC Adv. 2016; 6: 16516
- 37a Chen L, Shi E, Liu Z, Chen S, Wei W, Li H, Xu K, Wan X. Chem. Eur. J. 2011; 17: 4085
- 37b Wang Q, Geng H, Chai W, Zeng X, Xu M, Zhu C, Fu R, Yuan R. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014; 2014: 6850
- 37c Raju KB, Kumar BN, Nagaiah K. RSC Adv. 2014; 4: 50795
- 37d Wang Q, Feng J, Chai W, Geng H, Xu M, Wang K, Xu C, Fu R, Yuan R. Tetrahedron Lett. 2014; 55: 4785
- 37e Wang Q, Zheng H, Chai W, Chen D, Zeng X, Fu R, Yuan R. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2014; 12: 6549
- 37f Majji G, Rajamanickam S, Khatun N, Santra SK, Patel BK. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 80: 3440
- 37g Majji G, Guin S, Rout SK, Behera A, Patel BK. Chem. Commun. 2014; 50: 12193
- 38a Guo S.-r, Yuan Y.-q, Xiang J.-n. Org. Lett. 2013; 15: 4654
- 38b Zhu X, Xie X, Li P, Guo J, Wang L. Org. Lett. 2016; 18: 1546
- 38c Kulangiappar K, Anbukulandainathan M, Raju T. Synth. Commun. 2014; 44: 2494
- 38d Sano R, Kudo A, Tsubogo T, Uchiro H. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2018; 7: 724
- 38e Singh M, Yadav LD. S, Singh RK. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 2019; 60: 810
- 38f Zhao F, Tan Q, Wang D, Chen J, Deng G. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2019; 361: 4075
- 38g Guo S, He W, Xiang J, Yuan Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2014; 55: 6407
- 38h Guo S, He W, Xiang J, Yuan Y. Chem. Commun. 2014; 50: 8578
- 38i Guo S, He W, Xiang J, Yuan Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2015; 56: 2159
- 38j Bao R, Feng Y, Deng D, Huang D, Sun X. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2021; 10: 1884
- 39a Zhang J.-R, Liao Y.-Y, Deng J.-C, Feng K.-Y, Zhang M, Ning Y.-Y, Lin Z.-W, Tang R.-Y. Chem. Commun. 2017; 53: 7784
- 39b Guo T, Wei X.-N, Liu Y, Zhang P.-K, Zhao Y.-H. Org. Chem. Front. 2019; 6: 1414
- 39c Zhang J, Song C, Sheng L, Liu P, Sun P. J. Org. Chem. 2019; 84: 2191
- 40a Hoshikawa T, Yoshioka S, Kamijo S, Inoue M. Synthesis 2013; 45: 874
- 40b Hasegawa M, Ishii H, Fuchigami T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002; 43: 1503
- 40c Kamijo S, Tao K, Takao G, Murooka H, Murafuji T. Tetrahedron Lett. 2015; 56: 1904
- 41a Du Y.-D, Xu Z.-J, Zhou C.-Y, Che C.-M. Org. Lett. 2019; 21: 895
- 41b Du Y.-D, Zhou C.-Y, To W.-P, Wang H.-X, Che C.-M. Chem. Sci. 2020; 11: 4680
- 41c Bao P, Meng N, Lv Y, Yue H, Li J, Wei W. Org. Chem. Front. 2019; 6: 3983
- 41d Bao P, Yue H, Meng N, Zhao X, Li J, Wei W. Org. Lett. 2019; 21: 7218
- 42a Wang J, Xu Z, Guo Z, Deng Q, Zhou C, Wan X, Che C. Chem. Commun. 2012; 48: 4299
- 42b Thrun F, Butschke B, Graening T. Chem. Eur. J. 2012; 18: 4854
- 42c Lovely CJ, Flores JA, Meng X, Dias HR. Synlett 2009; 129
- 42d Fraile JM, García JI, Mayoral JA, Roldán M. Org. Lett. 2007; 9: 731
- 42e Fraile JM, López-Ram-de-Viu P, Mayoral JA, Roldán M, Santafé-Valero J. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011; 9: 6075
- 42f Bonge HT, Hansen T. Synthesis 2009; 91
- 42g Adams J, Poupart MA, Grenier L, Schaller C, Ouimet N, Frenette R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989; 30: 1749
- 42h Tortoreto C, Achard T, Zeghida W, Austeri M, Guénée L, Lacour J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012; 51: 5847
- 43a Tian H, Xia Q, Wang Q, Dong J, Wang Q. Org. Lett. 2019; 21: 4585
- 43b Wang J, Huang B, Gao Y, Yang C, Xia W. J. Org. Chem. 2019; 84: 6895
- 43c Ackerman L, Alvarado JM, Doyle AG. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018; 140: 14059
- 43d Sun Z, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. Org. Lett. 2017; 19: 3727
- 43e Shen Y, Gu Y, Martin R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018; 140: 12200
- 43f Santos MS, Corrêa AG, Paixo MW, Knig B. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2020; 362: 2367
- 43g Zhang L, Si X, Yang Y, Zimmer M, Witzel S, Sekine K, Rudolph M, Hashmi AS. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019; 58: 1823
- 44a Wan M, Meng Z, Lou H, Liu L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014; 53: 13845
- 44b Wang G, Xin X, Wang Z, Lu G, Ma Y, Liu L. Nat. Commun. 2019; 10: 559
- 45a Shi W, Cao L, Zhang H, Zhou X, An B, Lin Z, Dai R, Li J, Wang C, Lin W. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017; 56: 9704
- 45b Ausavasukhi A, Sooknoi T. Green Chem. 2015; 17: 435
- 45c Schax F, Bill E, Herwig C, Limberg C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014; 53: 12741
- 45d Sagadevan A, Hwang KC, Su M.-D. Nat. Commun. 2017; 8: 1812
- 45e Reetz MT, Töllner T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995; 36: 9461
- 45f Zhang S, Wang H, Li M, Han J, Liu X, Gong J. Chem. Sci. 2017; 8: 4489
- 45g Guo H, Zhu C, Li J, Xu G, Sun J. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2014; 356: 2801