CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Ultrasound Int Open 2018; 04(01): E2-E15
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-123931
Review
Eigentümer und Copyright ©Georg Thieme Verlag KG 2017

How to perform Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)

Christoph F. Dietrich
1   Caritas-Krankenhaus, Medizinische Klinik 2, Bad Mergentheim, Germany and Ultrasound Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
,
Michalakis Averkiou
2   Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
,
Michael Bachmann Nielsen
3   Rigshospitalet, Dep. of Radiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
,
Richard G. Barr
4   Radiology, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, United States
,
Peter N. Burns
5   Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto. Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
,
Fabrizio Calliada
6   Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Department of Radiology, Pavia, Italy
,
Vito Cantisani
7   Department of Radiology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, ROME, Italy
,
Byung Choi
8   Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University Hosptial, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
,
Maria C. Chammas
9   Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Radiologia, São Paulo, Brazil
,
Dirk-André Clevert
10   Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Munich-Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
,
Michel Claudon
11   Department of Pediatric Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy and Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre, France
,
Jean-Michel Correas
12   Hopital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Service de Radiologie Adultes, Paris, France
,
Xin-Wu Cui
13   Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical college, Huahzong University of Science and technology, Wuhan, China
,
David Cosgrove
14   Imperial College London, Imaging, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
,
Mirko D'Onofrio
15   Radiology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
,
Yi Dong
16   Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
,
JohnR. Eisenbrey
17   Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
,
Teresa Fontanilla
18   Radiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
,
Odd Helge Gilja
19   National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
,
Andre Ignee
13   Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical college, Huahzong University of Science and technology, Wuhan, China
,
Christian Jenssen
20   Krankenhaus Märkisch Oderland Strausberg/ Wriezen, Klinik für Innere Medizin, Wriezen, Germany
,
Yuko Kono
21   Department of Medicine and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, United States
,
Masatoshi Kudo
22   Kinki Daigaku Igakubu, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
,
Nathalie Lassau
23   Gustave Roussy and IR4MUMR8081. Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Radiology, Paris, France
,
Andrej Lyshchik
17   Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
,
Maria Franca Meloni
24   Radiology Department of Interventional Ultrasound - Casa di cura Igea- Milano, Italy
,
Fuminori Moriyasu
25   Sanno Hospital,International University of Helth and Welfare, Center for Cancer Ablation Therapy, Tokyo, Japan
,
Christian Nolsøe
26   Ultrasound Section, Division of Surgery, Dep. of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
,
Fabio Piscaglia
27   Div. Internal Medicine, Dept of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
,
Maija Radzina
28   P.Stradina Clinical University Hospital, Diagnosic Radiology Institute, Riga, Latvia
,
Adrian Saftoiu
29   Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
,
Paul S. Sidhu
30   King's College London, Radiology, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
,
Ioan Sporea
31   Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
,
Dagmar Schreiber-Dietrich
32   Cariats-Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Pediatrics, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
,
Claude B. Sirlin
33   Liver Imaging Grup, University of California, Department of Radiology, San Diego, United States
,
Maria Stanczak
17   Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
,
Hans-Peter Weskott
34   Klinikum Siloah, Ultrasound Outpatient Department, Hannover, Germany
,
Stephanie R. Wilson
35   Department of Radiology, Foothills Medical Centre University of Calgary, Division of Ultrasound, Calgary, Canada
,
Juergen Karl Willmann
36   Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
,
Tae Kyoung Kim
37   Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
,
Hyun-Jung Jang
37   Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
,
Alexandar Vezeridis
38   Radiology, University of California, San Diego, United States
,
Sue Westerway
39   Ultrasound, Charles Sturt University NSW Australia, NSW, Australia
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 25 September 2017
revised 27 November 2017

accepted 29 November 2017

Publication Date:
07 February 2018 (online)

Abstract

“How to perform contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)” provides general advice on the use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) for clinical decision-making and reviews technical parameters for optimal CEUS performance. CEUS techniques vary between centers, therefore, experts from EFSUMB, WFUMB and from the CEUS LI-RADS working group created a discussion forum to standardize the CEUS examination technique according to published evidence and best personal experience. The goal is to standardise the use and administration of UCAs to facilitate correct diagnoses and ultimately to improve the management and outcomes of patients.

COI letter

 
  • References

  • 1 Albrecht T, Blomley M, Bolondi L, Claudon M, Correas JM, Cosgrove D, Greiner L. et al. Guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound. January 2004. Ultraschall Med. 2004; 25: 249-256
  • 2 Claudon M, Cosgrove D, Albrecht T, Bolondi L, Bosio M, Calliada F, Correas JM. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) - Update 2008. Ultraschall Med. 2008; 29: 28-44
  • 3 Piscaglia F, Nolsoe C, Dietrich CF, Cosgrove DO, Gilja OH, Bachmann NM, Albrecht T. et al. The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical practice of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS): Update 2011 on non-hepatic applications. Ultraschall Med. 2012; 33: 33-59
  • 4 Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, Nolsoe CP, Piscaglia F. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver–update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall Med 2013; 34: 11-29
  • 5 Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, Nolsoe CP, Piscaglia F. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver - update 2012: A WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013; 39: 187-210
  • 6 Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Trojan J, Fellbaum C, Schuessler G. Improved characterisation of histologically proven liver tumours by contrast enhanced ultrasonography during the portal venous and specific late phase of SHU 508 A. Gut 2004; 53: 401-405
  • 7 Dietrich CF, Schuessler G, Trojan J, Fellbaum C, Ignee A. Differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatocellular adenoma by contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Br.J.Radiol. 2005; 78: 704-707
  • 8 Dietrich CF. Signalverstärkte Lebersonographie zur verbesserten Detektion und Charakterisierung von Leberraumforderungen. Dt Aerzteblatt 2002; 24: 7
  • 9 Dietrich CF. [3D real time contrast enhanced ultrasonography,a new technique]. Rofo 2002; 174: 160-163
  • 10 Dietrich CF, Brunner V, Braden B, Zeuzem S, Caspary WF. Erste Erfahrungen mit einem neuen Signalverstärker bei der Untersuchung der Leber. Ultraschall Med 1998; 19:
  • 11 Dietrich CF, Averkiou MA, Correas JM, Lassau N, Leen E, Piscaglia F. An EFSUMB introduction into Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) for quantification of tumour perfusion. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33: 344-351
  • 12 Ignee A, Jedrejczyk M, Schuessler G, Jakubowski W, Dietrich CF. Quantitative contrast enhanced ultrasound of the liver for time intensity curves-Reliability and potential sources of errors. Eur J Radiol 2010; 73: 153-158
  • 13 Lassau N, Cosgrove D, Armand JP. Early evaluation of targeted drugs using dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for personalized medicine. Future Oncol 2012; 8: 1215-1218
  • 14 Lassau N, Koscielny S, Chami L, Chebil M, Benatsou B, Roche A, Ducreux M. et al. Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: early evaluation of response to bevacizumab therapy at dynamic contrast-enhanced US with quantification--preliminary results. Radiology 2011; 258: 291-300
  • 15 Lassau N, Koscielny S, Albiges L, Chami L, Benatsou B, Chebil M, Roche A. et al. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib: early evaluation of treatment response using dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 1216-1225
  • 16 Frampas E, Lassau N, Zappa M, Vullierme MP, Koscielny S, Vilgrain V. Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: early evaluation of response to targeted therapy and prognostic value of Perfusion CT and Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-Ultrasound. Preliminary results. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82: e205-e211
  • 17 Williams R, Hudson JM, Lloyd BA, Sureshkumar AR, Lueck G, Milot L, Atri M. et al. Dynamic microbubble contrast-enhanced US to measure tumor response to targeted therapy: A proposed clinical protocol with results from renal cell carcinoma patients receiving antiangiogenic therapy. Radiology 2011; 260: 581-590
  • 18 Leen E, Averkiou M, Arditi M, Burns P, Bokor D, Gauthier T, Kono Y. et al. Dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound assessment of the vascular effects of novel therapeutics in early stage trials. Eur Radiol 2012; 22: 1442-1450
  • 19 Serra C, Menozzi G, Labate AM, Giangregorio F, Gionchetti P, Beltrami M, Robotti D. et al. Ultrasound assessment of vascularization of the thickened terminal ileum wall in Crohn's disease patients using a low-mechanical index real-time scanning technique with a second generation ultrasound contrast agent. Eur J Radiol 2007; 62: 114-121
  • 20 Atkinson NS, Bryant RV, Dong Y, Maaser C, Kucharzik T, Maconi G, Asthana AK. et al. WFUMB Position Paper. Learning gastrointestinal ultrasound: Theory and practice. Ultrasound Med Biol 2016; 42: 2732-2742
  • 21 Nylund K, Maconi G, Hollerweger A, Ripolles T, Pallotta N, Higginson A, Serra C. et al. EFSUMB recommendations and guidelines for gastrointestinal ultrasound. Ultraschall Med 2017; 38: e1-e15
  • 22 Nylund K, Maconi G, Hollerweger A, Ripolles T, Pallotta N, Higginson A, Serra C. et al. EFSUMB recommendations and guidelines for gastrointestinal ultrasound. Ultraschall Med 2017; 38: 273-284
  • 23 Hocke M, Dietrich CF. New technology–combined use of 3D contrast enhanced endoscopic ultrasound techniques. Ultraschall Med 2011; 32: 317-318
  • 24 Hocke M, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound for the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis. Endoscopy 2011; 43 (Suppl. 02) UCTN E381-E382
  • 25 Fusaroli P, Saftoiu A, Dietrich CF. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound: Why do we need it? A foreword. Endosc Ultrasound 2016
  • 26 Dietrich CF, Sharma M, Hocke M. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound. Endosc Ultrasound 2012; 1: 130-136
  • 27 Solbiati L, Tonolini M, Cova L, Goldberg SN. The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the detection of focal liver leasions. Eur Radiol 2001; 11 (Suppl. 03) E15-E26
  • 28 D'Onofrio M, Martone E, Faccioli N, Zamboni G, Malago R, Mucelli RP. Focal liver lesions: Sinusoidal phase of CEUS. Abdom Imaging 2006; 31: 529-536
  • 29 Strobel D, Seitz K, Blank W, Schuler A, Dietrich C, von Herbay A, Friedrich-Rust M. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of focal liver lesions–diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice (DEGUM multicenter trial). Ultraschall Med 2008; 29: 499-505
  • 30 Bernatik T, Seitz K, Blank W, Schuler A, Dietrich CF, Strobel D. Unclear focal liver lesions in contrast-enhanced ultrasonography–lessons to be learned from the DEGUM multicenter study for the characterization of liver tumors. Ultraschall Med 2010; 31: 577-581
  • 31 Seitz K, Greis C, Schuler A, Bernatik T, Blank W, Dietrich CF, Strobel D. Frequency of tumor entities among liver tumors of unclear etiology initially detected by sonography in the noncirrhotic or cirrhotic livers of 1349 patients. Results of the DEGUM multicenter study. Ultraschall Med 2011; 32: 598-603
  • 32 Strobel D, Bernatik T, Blank W, Schuler A, Greis C, Dietrich CF, Seitz K. Diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in the differential diagnosis of small (</=20 mm) and subcentimetric (</=10 mm) focal liver lesions in comparison with histology. Results of the DEGUM multicenter trial. Ultraschall Med 2011; 32: 593-597
  • 33 Jo PC, Jang HJ, Burns PN, Burak KW, Kim TK, Wilson SR. Integration of Contrast-enhanced US into a Multimodality Approach to Imaging of Nodules in a Cirrhotic Liver: How I Do It. Radiology 2017; 282: 317-331
  • 34 Dietrich CF, Kono Y, DC Jang HJ, Kim TK, Piscaglia F, Sirlin CB et al Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound: Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (CEUS LI-RADS). In. http://www.solutionsincontrastimaging.com/ 2016;
  • 35 Kono Y, Lyshchik A, Cosgrove D, Dietrich CF, Jang HJ, Kim TK, Piscaglia F. et al. Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS(R)): The official version by the American College of Radiology (ACR). Ultraschall Med 2017; 38: 85-86
  • 36 Piscaglia F, Wilson SR, Lyshchik A, Cosgrove D, Dietrich CF, Jang HJ, Kim TK et al. American College of Radiology Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (CEUS LI-RADS) for the diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A pictorial essay. Ultraschall Med 2017
  • 37 Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Appelbaum L, Buscarini E, Cantisani V, Correas JM, Cui XW. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part III - Abdominal Treatment Procedures (Long Version). Ultraschall Med 2016; 37: E1-E32
  • 38 Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, Nolsoe CP, Piscaglia F. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver – update 2012: A WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013; 39: 187-210
  • 39 Kudo M. Defect Reperfusion Imaging with Sonazoid(R): A Breakthrough in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2016; 5: 1-7
  • 40 Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Greis C, Cui XW, Schreiber-Dietrich DG, Hocke M. Artifacts and pitfalls in contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the liver. Ultraschall Med 2014; 35: 108-125 quiz 126-107
  • 41 Dietrich CF, Greis C. [How to perform contrast enhanced ultrasound]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2016; 141: 1019-1024
  • 42 Lassau N, Bonastre J, Kind M, Vilgrain V, Lacroix J, Cuinet M, Taieb S. et al. Validation of dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound in predicting outcomes of antiangiogenic therapy for solid tumors: The French multicenter support for innovative and expensive techniques study. Invest Radiol 2014; 49: 794-800
  • 43 O'Connor JP, Aboagye EO, Adams JE, Aerts HJ, Barrington SF, Beer AJ, Boellaard R. et al. Imaging biomarker roadmap for cancer studies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14: 169-186
  • 44 Averkiou M, Lampaskis M, Kyriakopoulou K, Skarlos D, Klouvas G, Strouthos C, Leen E. Quantification of tumor microvascularity with respiratory gated contrast enhanced ultrasound for monitoring therapy. Ultrasound Med Biol 2010; 36: 68-77
  • 45 Lassau N, Chapotot L, Benatsou B, Vilgrain V, Kind M, Lacroix J, Cuinet M. et al. Standardization of dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the evaluation of antiangiogenic therapies: The French multicenter Support for Innovative and Expensive Techniques Study. Invest Radiol 2012; 47: 711-716
  • 46 Piscaglia F, Bolondi L. Italian Society for Ultrasound in M, Biology study group on ultrasound contrast A. The safety of Sonovue in abdominal applications: retrospective analysis of 23188 investigations. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006; 32: 1369-1375
  • 47 Appis AW, Tracy MJ, Feinstein SB. Update on the safety and efficacy of commercial ultrasound contrast agents in cardiac applications. Echo Res Pract 2015; 2: R55-R62
  • 48 Eisenbrey JR, Daecher A, Kramer MR, Forsberg F. Effects of Needle and catheter size on commercially available ultrasound contrast agents. J Ultrasound Med 2015; 34: 1961-1968
  • 49 Jenssen C, Brkljacic B, Hocke M, Ignee A, Piscaglia F, Radjina M, Sidhu PS et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part VI - Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Interventions. Ultraschall Med 2015
  • 50 Dietrich CF, Horn R, Morf S, Chiorean L, Dong Y, Cui XW, Atkinson N. et al. US-guided peripheral vascular interventions, comments on the EFSUMB guidelines. Med Ultrason 2016; 18: 231-239
  • 51 Dietrich CF, Sahai AV, D'Onofrio M, Will U, Arcidiacono PG, Petrone MC, Hocke M. et al. Differential diagnosis of small solid pancreatic lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84: 933-940
  • 52 Ignee A, Atkinson NS, Schuessler G, Dietrich CF. Ultrasound contrast agents. Endosc Ultrasound 2016
  • 53 Ignee A, Jenssen C, Hocke M, Dong Y, Wang WP, Cui XW, Woenckhaus M. et al. Contrast-enhanced (endoscopic) ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound elastography in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Endosc Ultrasound 2017; 6: 55-60
  • 54 Yildiz YO, Eckersley RJ, Senior R, Lim AK, Cosgrove D, Tang MX. Correction of Non-Linear Propagation Artifact in Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Carotid Arteries: Methods and in Vitro Evaluation. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015; 41: 1938-1947
  • 55 Renaud G, Bosch JG, Ten Kate GL, Shamdasani V, Entrekin R, de Jong N, van der Steen AF. Counter-propagating wave interaction for contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57: L9-L18
  • 56 Thapar A, Shalhoub J, Averkiou M, Mannaris C, Davies AH, Leen EL. Dose-dependent artifact in the far wall of the carotid artery at dynamic contrast-enhanced US. Radiology 2012; 262: 672-679
  • 57 Yu H, Jang HJ, Kim TK, Khalili K, Williams R, Lueck G, Hudson J. et al. Pseudoenhancement within the local ablation zone of hepatic tumors due to a nonlinear artifact on contrast-enhanced ultrasound. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194: 653-659
  • 58 Greis C. Technical aspects of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) examinations: Tips and tricks. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2014; 58: 89-95
  • 59 Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Hocke M, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Greis C. Pitfalls and artefacts using contrast enhanced ultrasound. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 350-356
  • 60 Cui XW, Ignee A, Hocke M, Seitz K, Schrade G, Dietrich CF. Prolonged heterogeneous liver enhancement on contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Ultraschall Med 2014; 35: 246-252
  • 61 Kusnetzky LL, Khalid A, Khumri TM, Moe TG, Jones PG, Main ML. Acute mortality in hospitalized patients undergoing echocardiography with and without an ultrasound contrast agent: Results in 18,671 consecutive studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1704-1706
  • 62 Main ML, Ryan AC, Davis TE, Albano MP, Kusnetzky LL, Hibberd M. Acute mortality in hospitalized patients undergoing echocardiography with and without an ultrasound contrast agent (multicenter registry results in 4,300,966 consecutive patients). Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 1742-1746
  • 63 Sidhu PS, Cantisani V, Deganello A, Dietrich CF, Duran C, Franke D, Harkanyi Z et al. Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Paediatric Practice: An EFSUMB Position Statement. Ultraschall Med 2016
  • 64 Schreiber-Dietrich DG, Cui XW, Piscaglia F, Gilja OH, Dietrich CF. Contrast enhanced ultrasound in pediatric patients: A real challenge. Z Gastroenterol 2014; 52: 1178-1184
  • 65 Dietrich CF, Maurer M, Riemer-Hommel P. Challenges for the German Health Care System – Pharmaceuticals. Endheu 2014; 27: 45-53
  • 66 Esposito F, Di Serafino M, Sgambati P, Mercogliano F, Tarantino L, Vallone G, Oresta P. Ultrasound contrast media in paediatric patients: is it an off-label use? Regulatory requirements and radiologist's liability. Radiol Med 2012; 117: 148-159
  • 67 Chiorean L, Cui XW, Tannapfel A, Franke D, Stenzel M, Kosiak W, Schreiber-Dietrich D. et al. Benign liver tumors in pediatric patients – Review with emphasis on imaging features. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 8541-8561
  • 68 Piscaglia F, Nolsoe C, Dietrich CF, Cosgrove DO, Gilja OH, Bachmann Nielsen M, Albrecht T. et al. The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Practice of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS): update 2011 on non-hepatic applications. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33: 33-59
  • 69 Wu W, Chen MH, Yin SS, Yan K, Fan ZH, Yang W, Dai Y. et al. The role of contrast-enhanced sonography of focal liver lesions before percutaneous biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187: 752-761
  • 70 Bang N, Bachmann Nielsen M, Vejborg I, Mellon Mogensen A. Clinical report: Contrast enhancement of tumor perfusion as a guidance for biopsy. Eur J Ultrasound 2000; 12: 159-161
  • 71 Sparchez Z, Radu P, Zaharia T, Kacso G, Grigorescu I, Botis G, Badea R. Usefulness of contrast enhanced ultrasound guidance in percutaneous biopsies of liver tumors. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2011; 20: 191-196
  • 72 Yoon SH, Lee KH, Kim SY, Kim YH, Kim JH, Lee SH, Kim TK. Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided biopsy of focal hepatic lesions not localised on B-mode ultrasound. Eur Radiol 2010; 20: 2047-2056
  • 73 Lackey 2nd L, Peterson C, Barr RG. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors. Ultrasound Q 2012; 28: 269-274
  • 74 Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Appelbaum L, Buscarini E, Cantisani V, Correas JM, Cui XW. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part III - Abdominal Treatment Procedures (Short Version). Ultraschall Med 2016; 37: 27-45
  • 75 Sanz E, Hevia V, Arias F, Fabuel JJ, Alvarez S, Rodriguez-Patron R, Gomez V. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS): An excellent tool in the follow-up of small renal masses treated with cryoablation. Curr Urol Rep 2015; 16: 469
  • 76 Meloni MF, Bertolotto M, Alberzoni C, Lazzaroni S, Filice C, Livraghi T, Ferraioli G. Follow-up after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: Contrast-enhanced sonography versus contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 1233-1238
  • 77 Ignee A, Schuessler G, Cui XW. Endocavernous Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound – Different Applications, Literature Review and Future Perspectives. Ultraschall Med 2013; 34: 2-26
  • 78 Nylund K, Maconi G, Hollerweger A, Ripolles T, Pallotta N, Higginson A, Serra C et al. EFSUMB Recommendations and Guidelines for Gastrointestinal Ultrasound - Part 1: Examination Techniques and Normal Findings (Long version). Ultraschall Med 2016
  • 79 Nylund K, Maconi G, Hollerweger A, Ripolles T, Pallotta N, Higginson A, Serra C et al. EFSUMB Recommendations and Guidelines for Gastrointestinal Ultrasound - Part 1: Examination Techniques and Normal Findings (Short version). Ultraschall Med 2016
  • 80 Cui XW, Ignee A, Maros T, Straub B, Wen JG, Dietrich CF. Feasibility and Usefulness of Intra-Cavitary Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Percutaneous Nephrostomy. Ultrasound Med Biol 2016; 42: 2180-2188
  • 81 Ignee A, Cui X, Schuessler G, Dietrich CF. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage using extravascular contrast enhanced ultrasound. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 385-390
  • 82 Ignee A, Jenssen C, Cui XW, Schuessler G, Dietrich CF. Intracavitary contrast-enhanced ultrasound in abscess drainage–feasibility and clinical value. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51: 41-47
  • 83 Darge K. Voiding urosonography with US contrast agents for the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux in children. II. Comparison with radiological examinations. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38: 54-63 quiz 126-127
  • 84 Darge K. Voiding urosonography with ultrasound contrast agents for the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux in children. I. Procedure. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38: 40-53
  • 85 Zengel P, Siedek V, Berghaus A, Clevert DA. Intraductally applied contrast-enhanced ultrasound (IA-CEUS) for improved visualization of obstructive diseases of the salivary glands, primary results. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2010; 45: 193-205
  • 86 Lanzani C, Savasi V, Leone FP, Ratti M, Ferrazzi E. Two-dimensional HyCoSy with contrast tuned imaging technology and a second-generation contrast media for the assessment of tubal patency in an infertility program. Fertil Steril 2009; 92: 1158-1161
  • 87 Zuber-Jerger I, Endlicher E, Scholmerich J, Klebl F. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with contrast ultrasonography. Endoscopy 2008; 40 (Suppl. 02) E202
  • 88 Chew SS, Yang JL, Newstead GL, Douglas PR. Anal fistula: Levovist-enhanced endoanal ultrasound: a pilot study. Dis Colon Rectum 2003; 46: 377-384
  • 89 Rosch T, Meining A, Fruhmorgen S, Zillinger C, Schusdziarra V, Hellerhoff K, Classen M. et al. A prospective comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of ERCP, MRCP, CT, and EUS in biliary strictures. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 870-876
  • 90 Hussain S. Welcome to the Journal of Global Radiology. Journal of Global Radiology 2015; 1: 1-2
  • 91 EFSUMB. Minimum training recommendations for the practice of medical ultrasound (European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine Biology Practical Standards Committee). Ultraschall Med 2006; 27: 79-105
  • 92 Quaia E, Alaimo V, Baratella E, Pizzolato R, Cester G, Medeot A, Cova MA. Effect of observer experience in the differentiation between benign and malignant liver tumors after ultrasound contrast agent injection. J Ultrasound Med 2010; 29: 25-36
  • 93 Dong FJ, Xu JF, Du D, Jiao Y, Zhang L, Li M, Liu HY. et al. 3D analysis is superior to 2D analysis for contrast-enhanced ultrasound in revealing vascularity in focal liver lesions – A retrospective analysis of 83 cases. Ultrasonics 2016; 70: 221-226
  • 94 Eisenbrey JR, Sridharan A, Machado P, Zhao H, Halldorsdottir VG, Dave JK, Liu JB. et al. Three-dimensional subharmonic ultrasound imaging in vitro and in vivo. Academic Radiology 2012; 19: 732-739
  • 95 Feingold S, Gessner R, Guracar IM, Dayton PA. Quantitative volumetric perfusion mapping of the microvasculature using contrast ultrasound. Invest Radiol 2010; 45: 669-674
  • 96 Bamber J, Cosgrove D, Dietrich CF, Fromageau J, Bojunga J, Calliada F, Cantisani V. et al. EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 1: Basic principles and technology. Ultraschall Med 2013; 34: 169-184
  • 97 Cosgrove D, Piscaglia F, Bamber J, Bojunga J, Correas JM, Gilja OH, Klauser AS. et al. EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 2: Clinical applications. Ultraschall Med 2013; 34: 238-253
  • 98 Cosgrove D, Barr R, Bojunga J, Cantisani V, Chammas MC, Dighe M, Vinayak S. et al. WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 4. Thyroid. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017; 43: 4-26
  • 99 Barr RG, Cosgrove D, Brock M, Cantisani V, Correas JM, Postema AW, Salomon G. et al. WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 5. Prostate. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017; 43: 27-48
  • 100 Dietrich CF, Muller T, Bojunga J, Dong Y, Mauri G, Radzina M, Dighe M et al. Statement and Recommendations on Interventional Ultrasound as a Thyroid Diagnostic and Treatment Procedure. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017
  • 101 Dighe M, Barr R, Bojunga J, Cantisani V, Chammas MC, Cosgrove D, Cui XW. et al. Thyroid Ultrasound: State of the Art. Part 2 - Focal Thyroid Lesions. Med Ultrason 2017; 19: 195-210
  • 102 Dighe M, Barr R, Bojunga J, Cantisani V, Chammas MC, Cosgrove D, Cui XW. et al. Thyroid Ultrasound: State of the Art Part 1 - Thyroid Ultrasound reporting and Diffuse Thyroid Diseases. Med Ultrason 2017; 19: 79-93
  • 103 Dietrich CF, Rudd L. The EFSUMB website, a guide for better understanding. Med Ultrason 2013; 15: 215-223
  • 104 Claudon M, Cosgrove D, Albrecht T, Bolondi L, Bosio M, Calliada F, Correas JM. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) – update 2008. Ultraschall Med 2008; 29: 28-44
  • 105 Fusaroli P, Jenssen C, Hocke M, Burmester E, Buscarini E, Havre RF, Ignee A. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part V - EUS-Guided Therapeutic Interventions (short version). Ultraschall Med 2016; 37: 412-420
  • 106 Jenssen C, Hocke M, Fusaroli P, Gilja OH, Buscarini E, Havre RF, Ignee A. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part IV - EUS-guided interventions: General Aspects and EUS-guided Sampling (Short Version). Ultraschall Med 2016; 37: 157-169
  • 107 Fusaroli P, Jenssen C, Hocke M, Burmester E, Buscarini E, Havre RF, Ignee A. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part V. Ultraschall Med 2016; 37: 77-99
  • 108 Jenssen C, Hocke M, Fusaroli P, Gilja OH, Buscarini E, Havre RF, Ignee A. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part IV - EUS-guided Interventions: General aspects and EUS-guided sampling (Long Version). Ultraschall Med 2016; 37: E33-E76
  • 109 Lorentzen T, Nolsoe CP, Ewertsen C, Nielsen MB, Leen E, Havre RF, Gritzmann N. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part I. General Aspects (Short Version). Ultraschall Med 2015; 36: 464-472
  • 110 Lorentzen T, Nolsoe CP, Ewertsen C, Nielsen MB, Leen E, Havre RF, Gritzmann N. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part I. General Aspects (long Version). Ultraschall Med 2015; 36: E1-E14
  • 111 Jenssen C, Brkljacic B, Hocke M, Ignee A, Piscaglia F, Radzina M, Sidhu PS et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part VI. Ultraschall Med 2015
  • 112 Fusaroli P, Jenssen C, Hocke M, Burmester E, Buscarini E, Havre RF, Ignee A et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part V. Ultraschall Med 2015
  • 113 Sidhu PS, Brabrand K, Cantisani V, Correas JM, Cui XW, D'Onofrio M, Essig M. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part II. Ultraschall Med 2015; 36: E15-E35
  • 114 Sidhu PS, Brabrand K, Cantisani V, Correas JM, Cui XW, D'Onofrio M, Essig M. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part II. Diagnostic Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Procedures (Long Version). Ultraschall Med 2015; 36: E15-E35
  • 115 Sidhu PS, Brabrand K, Cantisani V, Correas JM, Cui XW, D'Onofrio M, Essig M. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part II. Diagnostic Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Procedures (Short Version). Ultraschall Med 2015; 36: 566-580
  • 116 Dietrich CF. EFSUMB guidelines 2015 on interventional ultrasound. Med Ultrason 2015; 17: 521-527
  • 117 Lorentzen T, Nolsoe CP, Ewertsen C, Nielsen MB, Leen E, Havre RF, Gritzmann N. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part I. General Aspects (long Version). Ultraschall Med 2015; 36: E1-E14
  • 118 Lorentzen T, Nolsoe CP, Ewertsen C, Nielsen MB, Leen E, Havre RF, Gritzmann N. et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part I. General Aspects (Short Version). Ultraschall Med 2015; 36: 464-472
  • 119 Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Sidhu PS, Jenssen C, Gilja OH, Piscaglia F. Efsumb. An Introduction to the EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS). Ultraschall Med 2015; 36: 460-463
  • 120 Piscaglia F, Kudo M, Han KH, Sirlin C. Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Non-Invasive Imaging: A Plea for Worldwide Adoption of Standard and Precise Terminology for Describing Enhancement Criteria. Ultraschall Med 2017; 38: 9-11
  • 121 Lyshchik A, Kono Y, Dietrich CF, Jang HJ, Kim TK, Piscaglia F, Vezeridis A et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the liver: Technical and lexicon recommendations from the ACR CEUS LI-RADS working group. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017
  • 122 Kim TK, Noh SY, Wilson SR, Kono Y, Piscaglia F, Jang HJ, Lyshchik A et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) 2017 – a review of important differences compared to the CT/MRI system. Clin Mol Hepatol 2017
  • 123 Wilson SR, Lyshchik A, Piscaglia F, Cosgrove D, Jang HJ, Sirlin C, Dietrich CF et al. CEUS LI-RADS: Algorithm, implementation, and key differences from CT/MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017
  • 124 Piscaglia F, Wilson SR, Lyshchik A, Cosgrove D, Dietrich CF, Jang HJ, Kim TK. et al. American College of Radiology Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (CEUS LI-RADS) for the diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A pictorial essay. Ultraschall Med 2017; 38: 320-324
  • 125 Rafaelsen SR, Jakobsen A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound vs multidetector-computed tomography for detecting liver metastases in colorectal cancer: A prospective, blinded, patient-by-patient analysis. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13: 420-425
  • 126 Bernatik T, Schuler A, Kunze G, Mauch M, Dietrich CF, Dirks K, Pachmann C. et al. Benefit of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Follow-Up Care of Patients with Colon Cancer: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Ultraschall Med 2015; 36: 590-593
  • 127 Dietrich CF, Kratzer W, Strobe D, Danse E, Fessl R, Bunk A, Vossas U. et al. Assessment of metastatic liver disease in patients with primary extrahepatic tumors by contrast-enhanced sonography versus CT and MRI. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1699-1705