Ultraschall Med 2008; 29(1): 28-44
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-963785
Guidelines

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Guidelines and Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) - Update 2008

M. Claudon1 , D. Cosgrove2 , T. Albrecht3 , L. Bolondi4 , M. Bosio5 , F. Calliada6 , J.-M Correas7 , K. Darge8 , C. Dietrich9 , M. D’Onofrio10 , D. H. Evans11 , C. Filice12 , L. Greiner13 , K. Jäger14 , N. de Jong15 , E. Leen16 , R. Lencioni17 , D. Lindsell18 , A. Martegani19 , S. Meairs20 , C. Nolsøe21 , F. Piscaglia22 , P. Ricci23 , G. Seidel24 , B. Skjoldbye25 , L. Solbiati26 , L. Thorelius27 , F. Tranquart28 , H. P. Weskott29 , T. Whittingham30
  • 1Department of Radiology, Nancy, France
  • 2Imaging Sciences Department, Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
  • 3Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Freie Universität und Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany
  • 4Division of Internal Medicine Policlinico S. Orsola Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
  • 5Paediatric Department, Magenta Hospital and Advanced School of Paediatric, Ultrasonography (S.I.U.M.B.), Magenta, Italy
  • 6Istituto di Radiologia, Pavia, Italy
  • 7Service de Radiologie, Hospital Necker, Paris, France
  • 8Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital, Wuerzburg, Germany
  • 9Caritas-Krankenhaus, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
  • 10Universita di Verona, Istituto di Radiologia, Verona, Italy
  • 11Department of Medical Physics, Leicester, UK
  • 12Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS S Matteo Hospital Pavia University School of Medicine, Pavia, Italy
  • 13Helios Klinikum Wuppertal, Germany
  • 14Universitätsspital, Basel, Switzerland
  • 15Academisch Ziekenhuis, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  • 16Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, UK
  • 17Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Tecnologies in Medicine University of Pisa, Italy
  • 18Department of Radiology, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford, UK
  • 19Servizio di Radiologia, Como. Italy
  • 20Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Germany
  • 21Department of Radiology, Køge Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 22Spec. Medicina Interna. Dottore Di Recerca In Ultrasonologia in Medicina, Dirigente Medico I Livello, Bologna, Italy
  • 23Dipartimento Di Science Radiologiche Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Roma, Italy
  • 24Department of Neurology University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
  • 25Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University, Denmark
  • 26Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Busto Arsizio, Italy
  • 27Radiologisk Afdeling Herlev Hospital, Denmark
  • 28Unité Fonctionnelle Ultrasons Directeur CIT, Tour, France
  • 29Krankenhaus Siloah, Med. Klinik II, Hannover, Germany
  • 30Regional Medical Physics Dept, Newcastle General Hospital, UK
Further Information

Publication History

received: 7.12.2007

accepted: 10.12.2007

Publication Date:
12 February 2008 (online)

References

  • 1 Tranquart F, Claudon M, Correas J M. Guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound.  J Radiol. 2005;  86 1047-1054
  • 2 Xiaoyan X, Guang H, Feng X. et al . Focal liver lesions ultrasound contrast: the light of the European Clinical Guide.  China Ultrasound Imaging Magazine. 2006;  06 1-16
  • 3 Bauer A, Solbiati L. Ultrasound contrast agents. Solbiati L Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of liver diseases Milan; Springer 2003: 21-26
  • 4 Burns P. Contrast ultrasound technology. Solbiati L Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of liver diseases Milan; Springer 2003: 1-18
  • 5 Correas J M, Bridal L, Lesavre A. et al . Ultrasound contrast agents: properties, principles of action, tolerance, and artifacts.  Eur Radiol. 2001;  11 1316-1328
  • 6 Basilico R, Blomley M J, Harvey C J. et al . Which continuous US scanning mode is optimal for the detection of vascularity in liver lesions when enhanced with a second generation contrast agent?.  Eur J Radiol. 2002;  41 184-191
  • 7 Bernatik T, Becker D, Neureiter D. et al . Detection of liver metastases - comparison of contrast - enhanced ultrasound using first versus second generation contrast agents.  Ultraschall in Med. 2003;  24 175-179
  • 8 Leen E, Horgan P. Ultrasound contrast agents for hepatic imaging with nonlinear modes.  Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2003;  32 66-87
  • 9 Averkiou M, Powers J, Skyba D. et al . Ultrasound contrast imaging research.  Ultrasound Q. 2003;  19 27-37
  • 10 Burns P, Powers J, Hope Simpson D. et al . Harmonic Imaging: principles and preliminary results.  Angiology. 1996;  47 S63-S74
  • 11 Schrope B A, Newhouse V L. Second harmonic ultrasonic blood perfusion measurement.  Ultrasound Med Biol. 1993;  19 567-579
  • 12 Simpson D H, Chin C T, Burns P N. Pulse inversion Doppler: a new method for detecting nonlinear echoes from microbubble contrast agents.  IEEE Trans on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Freq Control. 1999;  46 372-382
  • 13 Tiemann K, Lohmeier S, Kuntz S. et al . Real-Time Contrast Echo Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion at Low Emission Power: First Experimental and Clinical Results Using Power Pulse Inversion Imaging.  Echocardiography. 1999;  16 799-809
  • 14 Berrocal T, Gaya F, Arjonilla A. et al . Vesicoureteral reflux: diagnosis and grading with echo-enhanced cystosonography versus voiding cystourethrography.  Radiology. 2001;  221 359-365
  • 15 Darge K. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography for diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in children.  Pediatr Radiol. 2007;  38 40-63
  • 16 Darge K, Troeger J, Duetting T. et al . Reflux in young patients: comparison of voiding US of the bladder and retrovesical space with echo enhancement versus voiding cystourethrography for diagnosis.  Radiology. 1999;  210 201-207
  • 17 Ascenti G, Zimbaro G, Mazziotti S. et al . Harmonic US imaging of vesicoureteric reflux in children: usefulness of a second generation US contrast agent.  Pediatr Radiol. 2004;  34 481-487
  • 18 Bosio M, Xhepa R, Pandolfi M. Advancements in the diagnosis of vesico-ureteral reflux with cystourethrosonography (CUS): a comparative study between 1st and 2nd generation contrast media.  Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;  20 C95
  • 19 Darge K, Beer M, Gordjani N. et al . Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography with the use of a 2nd generation US contrast medicum: preliminary results.  Pediatr Radiol. 2004;  34 S97
  • 20 Papadopoulou F, Katzioti F, Arkoumani E. et al . Voiding urosonography harmonic imaging with 2nd generation contrast agent for the diagnosis of reflux.  Pediatr Radiol. 2005;  35 S31
  • 21 Rehman S, Jayson G C. Molecular imaging of antiangiogenic agents.  Oncologist. 2005;  10 92-103
  • 22 Therasse P, Arbuck S G, Eisenhauer E A. et al . New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;  92 205-216
  • 23 World Health Organisation Offset Publication e .WHO Handbook for Reporting Results of Cancer Treatment. Geneva, Switzerland; 1979
  • 24 De Giorgi U, Aliberti C, Benea G. et al . Effect of angiosonography to monitor response during imatinib treatment in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors.  Clin Cancer Res. 2005;  11 6171-6176
  • 25 Lassau N, Lamuraglia M, Leclere J. et al . Functional and early evaluation of treatments in oncology: interest of ultrasonographic contrast agents.  J Radiol. 2004;  85 704-712
  • 26 Lassau N, Lamuraglia M, Chami L. et al . Gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with imatinib: monitoring response with contrast-enhanced sonography.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;  187 1267-1273
  • 27 Education and Practical Standards Committee, European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology . Minimum training recommendations for the practice of medical ultrasound.  Ultraschall in Med. 2006;  27 79-105
  • 28 Piscaglia F, Bolondi L. The safety of Sonovue in abdominal applications: retrospective analysis of 23 188 investigations.  Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006;  32 1369-1375
  • 29 Blomley M, Claudon M, Cosgrove D. WFUMB Safety Symposium on Ultrasound Contrast Agents: clinical applications and safety concerns.  Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;  33 180-186
  • 30 Barnett S B, Duck F, Ziskin M. Recommendations on the safe use of ultrasound contrast agents.  Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;  33 173-174
  • 31 Vancraeynest D, Kefer J, Hanet C. et al . Release of cardiac bio-markers during high mechanical index contrast-enhanced echocardiography in humans.  Eur Heart J. 2007;  28 1236-1241
  • 32 Kono Y, Steinbach G C, Peterson T. et al . Mechanism of parenchymal enhancement of the liver with a microbubble-based US contrast medium: an intravital microscopy study in rats.  Radiology. 2002;  224 253-257
  • 33 Yanagisawa K, Moriyasu F, Miyahara T. et al . Phagocytosis of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles by Kupffer cells.  Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007;  33 318-325
  • 34 Albrecht T, Blomley M J, Heckemann R A. et al . Stimulated acoustic emissions with the ultrasound contrast medium levovist: a clinically useful contrast effect with liver-specific properties.  Fortschr Röntgenstr. 2000;  172 61-67
  • 35 Blomley M J, Sidhu P S, Cosgrove D O. et al . Do different types of liver lesions differ in their uptake of the microbubble contrast agent SH U 508A in the late liver phase? Early experience.  Radiology. 2001;  220 661-667
  • 36 Bryant T H, Blomley M J, Albrecht T. et al . Improved characterization of liver lesions with liver-phase uptake of liver-specific microbubbles: prospective multicenter study.  Radiology. 2004;  232 799-809
  • 37 Catala V, Nicolau C, Vilana R. et al . Characterization of focal liver lesions: comparative study of contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus spiral computed tomography.  Eur Radiol. 2007;  17 1066-1073
  • 38 Dietrich C, Ignee A, Trojan J. et al . Improved characterisation of histologically proven liver tumours by contrast enhanced ultrasonography during the portal venous and specific late phase of SHU 508A.  Gut. 2004;  53 401-405
  • 39 Dietrich C F, Ignee A, Frey H. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound with low mechanical index: a new technique.  Z Gastroenterol. 2005;  43 1219-1223
  • 40 Dietrich C F, Mertens J C, Braden B. et al . Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of histologically proven liver hemangiomas.  Hepatology. 2007;  45 1139-1145
  • 41 Dill-Macky M J, Burns P N, Khalili K. et al . Focal hepatic masses: enhancement patterns with SH U 508A and pulse-inversion US.  Radiology. 2002;  222 95-102
  • 42 Ding H, Wang W P, Huang B J. et al . Imaging of focal liver lesions: low-mechanical-index real-time ultrasonography with SonoVue.  J Ultrasound Med. 2005;  24 285-297
  • 43 Fan Z H, Chen M H, Dai Y. et al . Evaluation of primary malignancies of the liver using contrast-enhanced sonography: correlation with pathology.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;  186 1512-1519
  • 44 Kim S H, Lee J M, Lee J Y. et al . Value of contrast-enhanced sonography for the characterization of focal hepatic lesions in patients with diffuse liver disease: receiver operating characteristic analysis.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;  184 1077-1084
  • 45 Leen E, Ceccotti P, Kalogeropoulou C. et al . Prospective multicenter trial evaluating a novel method of characterizing focal liver lesions using contrast-enhanced sonography.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;  186 1551-1559
  • 46 Mork H, Ignee A, Schuessler G. et al . Analysis of neuroendocrine tumour metastases in the liver using contrast enhanced ultrasonography.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;  42 652-662
  • 47 Nicolau C, Vilana R, Catala V. et al . Importance of evaluating all vascular phases on contrast-enhanced sonography in the differentiation of benign from malignant focal liver lesions.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;  186 158-167
  • 48 Quaia E, Degobbis F, Tona G. et al . Differential patterns of contrast enhancement in different focal liver lesions after injection of the microbubble US contrast agent SonoVue.  Radiol Med (Torino). 2004;  107 155-165
  • 49 Quaia E, Stacul F, Bertolotto M. et al . Characterization of focal liver lesions with pulse inversion harmonic imaging (PIHI) using a second generation US contrast agent.  Acad Radiol. 2002;  9 (Suppl 2) S376-379
  • 50 Ricci P, Laghi A, Cantisani V. et al . Contrast-enhanced sonography with SonoVue: enhancement patterns of benign focal liver lesions and correlation with dynamic gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;  184 821-827
  • 51 Strobel D, Hoefer A, Martus P. et al . Dynamic contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography improves the differential diagnosis of liver lesions.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2001;  16 247-256
  • 52 Herbay von A, Vogt C, Willers R. et al . Real-time imaging with the sonographic contrast agent SonoVue: differentiation between benign and malignant hepatic lesions.  J Ultrasound Med. 2004;  23 1557-1568
  • 53 Wilson S R, Burns P N. An algorithm for the diagnosis of focal liver masses using microbubble contrast-enhanced pulse-inversion sonography.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;  186 1401-1412
  • 54 Wilson S R, Burns P N, Muradali D. et al . Harmonic hepatic US with microbubble contrast agent: initial experience showing improved characterization of hemangioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and metastasis.  Radiology. 2000;  215 153-161
  • 55 Xu H X, Liu G J, Lu M D. et al . Characterization of small focal liver lesions using real-time contrast-enhanced sonography: diagnostic performance analysis in 200 patients.  J Ultrasound Med. 2006;  25 349-361
  • 56 Xu H X, Lu M D, Liu G J. et al . Imaging of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma with low-mechanical index contrast-enhanced sonography and SonoVue: initial experience.  J Ultrasound Med. 2006;  25 23-33
  • 57 Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Celli N. et al . Characterization of small nodules in cirrhosis by assessment of vascularity: the problem of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma.  Hepatology. 2005;  42 27-34
  • 58 Celli N, Gaiani S, Piscaglia F. et al . Characterization of liver lesions by real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;  19 3-14
  • 59 Gaiani S, Celli N, Piscaglia F. et al . Usefulness of contrast-enhanced perfusional sonography in the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma hypervascular at spiral computed tomography.  J Hepatol. 2004;  41 421-426
  • 60 Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I. et al . Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy.  Abdom Imaging. 2006;  31 537-544
  • 61 Venturi A, Piscaglia F, Silvagni E. et al . Role of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the assessment of metastatic portal vein thrombosis.  Ultraschall in Med. 2007;  28 75-78
  • 62 Beissert M, Jenett M, Keberle M. et al . Comparison of contrast harmonic imaging in B-mode with stimulated acoustic emission, conventional B-mode US and spiral CT in the detection of focal liver lesions.  Fortschr Röntgenstr. 2000;  172 361-366
  • 63 Konopke R, Kersting S, Bergert H. et al . Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to detect liver metastases: A prospective trial to compare transcutaneous unenhanced and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in patients undergoing laparotomy.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;  22 201-207
  • 64 Piscaglia F, Corradi F, Mancini M. et al . Real time contrast enhanced ultrasonography in detection of liver metastases from gastrointestinal cancer.  BMC Cancer. 2007;  7 171
  • 65 Albrecht T, Blomley M J, Burns P N. et al . Improved detection of hepatic metastases with pulse-inversion US during the liver-specific phase of SHU 508A: multicenter study.  Radiology. 2003;  227 361-370
  • 66 Dietrich C F, Kratzer W, Strobe D. et al . Assessment of metastatic liver disease in patients with primary extrahepatic tumors by contrast-enhanced sonography versus CT and MRI.  World J Gastroenterol. 2006;  12 1699-1705
  • 67 Harvey C J, Blomley M J, Eckersley R J. et al . Hepatic malignancies: improved detection with pulse-inversion US in late phase of enhancement with SH U 508A-early experience.  Radiology. 2000;  216 903-908
  • 68 Hohmann J, Albrecht T, Hoffmann C W. et al . Ultrasonographic detection of focal liver lesions: increased sensitivity and specificity with microbubble contrast agents.  Eur J Radiol. 2003;  46 147-159
  • 69 Leen E, Ceccotti P, Moug S J. et al . Potential value of contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography during partial hepatectomy for metastases: an essential investigation before resection?.  Ann Surg. 2006;  243 236-240
  • 70 Torzilli G, Del Fabbro D, Palmisano A. et al . Contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography during hepatectomies for colorectal cancer liver metastases.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;  9 1148-1153; discussion 1153 - 1144
  • 71 Livraghi T, Goldberg S N, Lazzaroni S. et al . Hepatocellular carcinoma: radio-frequency ablation of medium and large lesions.  Radiology. 2000;  214 761-768
  • 72 Livraghi T, Goldberg S N, Solbiati L. et al . Percutaneous radio-frequency ablation of liver metastases from breast cancer: initial experience in 24 patients.  Radiology. 2001;  220 145-149
  • 73 Oshowo A, Gillams A, Harrison E. et al . Comparison of resection and radiofrequency ablation for treatment of solitary colorectal liver metastases.  Br J Surg. 2003;  90 1240-1243
  • 74 Raut C P, Izzo F, Marra P. et al . Significant long-term survival after radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.  Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;  12 616-628
  • 75 Rossi S, Di Stasi M, Buscarini E. et al . Percutaneous RF interstitial thermal ablation in the treatment of hepatic cancer.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;  167 759-768
  • 76 Solbiati L, Livraghi T, Goldberg S N. et al . Percutaneous radio-frequency ablation of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: long-term results in 117 patients.  Radiology. 2001;  221 159-166
  • 77 Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T. et al . Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases.  Cancer. 2005;  103 1201-1209
  • 78 Choi D, Lim H K, Lee W J. et al . Early assessment of the therapeutic response to radio frequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: utility of gray scale harmonic ultrasonography with a microbubble contrast agent.  J Ultrasound Med. 2003;  22 1163-1172
  • 79 Cioni D, Lencioni R, Rossi S. et al . Radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: using contrast-enhanced harmonic power Doppler sonography to assess treatment outcome.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;  177 783-788
  • 80 Cova L, Solbiati L, Lerace T. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and real-time low mechanical index harmonic imaging in the selection and monitoring of patients undergoing percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver tumors.  Eur Radiol. 2003;  13 S124
  • 81 Dill-Macky M J, Asch M, Burns P. et al . Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: predicting success using contrast-enhanced sonography.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;  186 S287-295
  • 82 Minami Y, Kudo M, Kawasaki T. et al . Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: usefulness of contrast harmonic sonography for lesions poorly defined with B-mode sonography.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;  183 153-156
  • 83 Morimoto M, Nozawa A, Numata K. et al . Evaluation using contrast-enhanced harmonic gray scale sonography after radio frequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma: sonographic-histopathologic correlation.  J Ultrasound Med. 2005;  24 273-283
  • 84 Rhim H, Goldberg S N, Dodd G D. et al . Essential techniques for successful radio-frequency thermal ablation of malignant hepatic tumors.  Radiographics. 2001;  21 (Suppt 1) S17-S35; discussion S 36-S19
  • 85 Solbiati L, Tonolini M, Lerace T. Guidance of percutaneous tumor ablation. Lencioni R Enhancing the role of ultrasound with contarst agents Heildelberg; Springer 2006: 69-76
  • 86 Chen M H, Yang W, Yan K. et al . Large liver tumors: protocol for radiofrequency ablation and its clinical application in 110 patients - mathematic model, overlapping mode, and electrode placement process.  Radiology. 2004;  232 260-271
  • 87 Liu Z, Lobo S M, Humphries S. et al . Radiofrequency tumor ablation: insight into improved efficacy using computer modeling.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;  184 1347-1352
  • 88 Sasaki A, Kai S, Iwashita Y. et al . Microsatellite distribution and indication for locoregional therapy in small hepatocellular carcinoma.  Cancer. 2005;  103 299-306
  • 89 Schmidt T, Hohl C, Haage P. et al . Diagnostic accuracy of phase-inversion tissue harmonic imaging versus fundamental B-mode sonography in the evaluation of focal lesions of the kidney.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;  180 1639-1647
  • 90 Robbin M L, Lockhart M E, Barr R G. Renal imaging with ultrasound contrast: current status.  Radiol Clin North Am. 2003;  41 963-978
  • 91 Ascenti G, Zimbaro G, Mazziotti S. et al . Usefulness of power Doppler and contrast-enhanced sonography in the differentiation of hyperechoic renal masses.  Abdom Imaging. 2001;  26 654-660
  • 92 Kim B, Lim H K, Choi M H. et al . Detection of parenchymal abnormalities in acute pyelonephritis by pulse inversion harmonic imaging with or without microbubble ultrasonographic contrast agent: correlation with computed tomography.  J Ultrasound Med. 2001;  20 5-14
  • 93 Israel G M, Bosniak M A. An update of the Bosniak renal cyst classification system.  Urology. 2005;  66 484-488
  • 94 Kim A Y, Kim S H, Kim Y J. et al . Contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography for the differentiation of cystic renal lesions: preliminary study.  J Ultrasound Med. 1999;  18 581-588
  • 95 Claudon M, Barnewolt C E, Taylor G A. et al . Renal blood flow in pigs: changes depicted with contrast-enhanced harmonic US imaging during acute urinary obstruction.  Radiology. 1999;  212 725-731
  • 96 Claudon M, Plouin P F, Baxter G M. et al . Renal arteries in patients at risk of renal arterial stenosis: multicenter evaluation of the echo-enhancer SH U 508A at color and spectral Doppler US. Levovist Renal Artery Stenosis Study Group.  Radiology. 2000;  214 739-746
  • 97 Lencioni R, Pinto S, Cioni D. et al . Contrast-Enhanced Doppler Ultrasound of Renal Artery Stenosis: Prologue to a Promising Future.  Echocardiography. 1999;  16 767-773
  • 98 Melany M L, Grant E G, Duerinckx A J. et al . Ability of a phase shift US contrast agent to improve imaging of the main renal arteries.  Radiology. 1997;  205 147-152
  • 99 Correas J, Helenon O, Moreau J F. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of native and transplanted kidney diseases.  Eur Radiol. 1999;  9 Suppl 3 S394-400
  • 100 Schmiedl U P, Carter S, Martin R W. et al . Sonographic detection of acute parenchymal injury in an experimental porcine model of renal hemorrhage: gray-scale imaging using a sonographic contrast agent.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;  173 1289-1294
  • 101 Yamakado K, Tanaka N, Nakagawa T. et al . Renal angiomyolipoma: relationships between tumor size, aneurysm formation, and rupture.  Radiology. 2002;  225 78-82
  • 102 Bosio M. Cystosonography with echocontrast: a new imaging modality to detect vesicoureteric reflux in children.  Pediatr Radiol. 1998;  28 250-255
  • 103 Galloy M A, Mandry D, Pecastaings M. et al . Sonocystography: a new method for the diagnosis and follow-up of vesico-ureteric reflux in children.  J Radiol. 2003;  84 2055-2061
  • 104 Kenda R B, Novljan G, Kenig A. et al . Echo-enhanced ultrasound voiding cystography in children: a new approach.  Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;  14 297-300
  • 105 Mentzel H J, Vogt S, Patzer L. et al . Contrast-enhanced sonography of vesicoureterorenal reflux in children: preliminary results.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;  173 737-740
  • 106 Radmayr C, Klauser A, Pallwein L. et al . Contrast enhanced reflux sonography in children: a comparison to standard radiological imaging.  J Urol. 2002;  167 1428-1430
  • 107 Uhl M, Kromeier J, Zimmerhackl L B. et al . Simultaneous voiding cystourethrography and voiding urosonography.  Acta Radiol. 2003;  44 265-268
  • 108 Valentini A L, De Gaetano A M, Destito C. et al . The accuracy of voiding urosonography in detecting vesico-ureteral reflux: a summary of existing data.  Eur J Pediatr. 2002;  161 380-384
  • 109 Vassiou K, Vlychou M, Moisidou R. et al . Contrast-enhanced sonographic detection of vesicoureteral reflux in children: comparison with voiding cystourethrography.  Röntgenstr Fortschr. 2004;  176 1453-1457
  • 110 Darge K, Ghods S, Zieger B. et al . Reduction in voiding cystourethrographies after the introduction of contrast enhanced sonographic reflux diagnosis.  Pediatr Radiol. 2001;  31 790-795
  • 111 Nakamura M, Shinozaki T, Taniguchi N. et al . Simultaneous voiding cystourethrography and voiding urosonography reveals utility of sonographic diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in children.  Acta Paediatr. 2003;  92 1422-1426
  • 112 Galia M, Midiri M, Pennisi F. et al . Vesicoureteral reflux in young patients: comparison of voiding color Doppler US with echo enhancement versus voiding cystourethrography for diagnosis or exclusion.  Abdom Imaging. 2004;  29 303-308
  • 113 Riccabona M, Mache C J, Lindbichler F. Echo-enhanced color Doppler cystosonography of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Improvement by stimulated acoustic emission.  Acta Radiol. 2003;  44 18-23
  • 114 Darge K, Trusen A, Gordjani N. et al . Intrarenal reflux: diagnosis with contrast-enhanced harmonic US.  Pediatr Radiol. 2003;  33 729-731
  • 115 Darge K, Zieger B, Rohrschneider W. et al . Contrast-enhanced harmonic imaging for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric patients.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;  177 1411-1415
  • 116 Kopitzko A, Cornely D, Reither K. et al . Low contrast dose voiding urosonography in children with phase inversion imaging.  Eur Radiol. 2004;  14 2290-2296
  • 117 Darge K, Bruchelt W, Roessling G. et al . Interaction of normal saline solution with ultrasound contrast medium: significant implication for sonographic diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux.  Eur Radiol. 2003;  13 213-218
  • 118 Berrocal T, Gaya F, Arjonilla A. Vesicoureteral reflux: can the urethra be adequately assessed by using contrast-enhanced voiding US of the bladder?.  Radiology. 2005;  234 235-241
  • 119 Bosio M, Manzoni G A. Detection of posterior urethral valves with voiding cystourethrosonography with echo contrast.  J Urol. 2002;  168 1711-1715; discussion 1715
  • 120 Mate A, Bargiela A, Mosteiro S. et al . Contrast ultrasound of the urethra in children.  Eur Radiol. 2003;  13 1534-1537
  • 121 Darge K, Troeger J. Vesicoureteral reflux grading in contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography.  Eur J Radiol. 2002;  43 122-128
  • 122 Kenda R B. Imaging techniques for the detection of vesicoureteric reflux: what and when?.  Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;  16 4-7
  • 123 Riccabona M. Cystography in infants and children: a critical appraisal of the many forms with special regard to voiding cystourethrography.  Eur Radiol. 2002;  12 2910-2918
  • 124 D’Onofrio M, Mansueto G, Falconi M. et al . Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor: value of contrast enhanced ultrasonography.  Abdom Imaging. 2004;  29 246-258
  • 125 D’Onofrio M, Zamboni G, Faccioli N. et al . Ultrasonography of the pancreas. 4. Contrast-enhanced imaging.  Abdom Imaging. 2007;  32 171-181
  • 126 D’Onofrio M, Zamboni G, Malago R. et al .Pancreatic pathology. Quaia E Contrast media in ultrasonography Berlin; Springer-Verlag 2005: 335-247
  • 127 Dietrich C F, Braden B, Hocke M. et al . Improved characterisation of solitary solid pancreatic tumours using contrast enhanced transabdominal ultrasound.  J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2007 (in press); 
  • 128 D’Onofrio M, Martone E, Faccioli N. et al . Focal liver lesions: sinusoidal phase of CEUS.  Abdom Imaging. 2006;  31 529-536
  • 129 D’Onofrio M, Rozzanigo U, Masinielli B M. et al . Hypoechoic focal liver lesions: characterization with contrast enhanced ultrasonography.  J Clin Ultrasound. 2005;  33 164-172
  • 130 Quaia E, D’Onofrio M, Palumbo A. et al . Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography versus baseline ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography in metastatic disease of the liver: diagnostic performance and confidence.  Eur Radiol. 2006;  16 1599-1609
  • 131 Solbiati L, Tonolini M, Cova L. et al . The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the detection of focal liver leasions.  Eur Radiol. 2001;  11 (Suppl 3) E15-E26
  • 132 D’Onofrio M, Malago R, Zamboni G. et al . Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography better identifies pancreatic tumor vascularization than helical CT.  Pancreatology. 2005;  5 398-402
  • 133 D’Onofrio M, Zamboni G, Tognolini A. et al . Mass-forming pancreatitis: value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.  World J Gastroenterol. 2006;  12 4181-4184
  • 134 Hocke M, Schulze E, Gottschalk P. et al . Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound in discrimination between focal pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.  World J Gastroenterol. 2006;  12 246-250
  • 135 Kitano M, Kudo M, Maekawa K. et al . Dynamic imaging of pancreatic diseases by contrast enhanced coded phase inversion harmonic ultrasonography.  Gut. 2004;  53 854-859
  • 136 Masaki T, Ohkawa S, Amano A. et al . Noninvasive assessment of tumor vascularity by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and the prognosis of patients with nonresectable pancreatic carcinoma.  Cancer. 2005;  103 1026-1035
  • 137 Numata K, Ozawa Y, Kobayashi N. et al . Contrast-enhanced sonography of pancreatic carcinoma: correlations with pathological findings.  J Gastroenterol. 2005;  40 631-640
  • 138 Rickes S, Wermke W. Differentiation of cystic pancreatic neoplasms and pseudocysts by conventional and echo-enhanced ultrasound.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  19 761-766
  • 139 Takeshima K, Kumada T, Toyoda H. et al . Comparison of IV contrast-enhanced sonography and histopathology of pancreatic cancer.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;  185 1193-1200
  • 140 Nagase M, Furuse J, Ishii H. et al . Evaluation of contrast enhancement patterns in pancreatic tumors by coded harmonic sonographic imaging with a microbubble contrast agent.  J Ultrasound Med. 2003;  22 789-795
  • 141 D’Onofrio M, Megibow A J, Faccioli N. et al . Comparison of contrast-enhanced sonography and MRI in displaying anatomic features of cystic pancreatic masses.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;  189 1435-1442
  • 142 Khan H G, Gailloud P, Bude R O. et al . The effect of contrast material on transcranial Doppler evaluation of normal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;  21 386-390
  • 143 Seidel G, Kaps M. Harmonic imaging of the vertebrobasilar system.  Stroke. 1997;  28 1610-1613

Prof. Michel CLAUDON

Department of Radiology, CHU de Nancy Brabois

Allée du Morvan

54511 Vandoeuvre les

Phone: ++ 33/3/83 15 41 83

Fax: ++ 33/3/83 15 35 23

Email: m.claudon@chu-nancy.fr

    >