Appl Clin Inform 2018; 09(02): 285-301
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1645889
Research Article
Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart

Evaluation of Multimedia Medication Reconciliation Software: A Randomized Controlled, Single-Blind Trial to Measure Diagnostic Accuracy for Discrepancy Detection

Blake J. Lesselroth
1   NorthWest Innovation Center, Veterans' Affairs Portland Healthcare System, Portland, Oregon, United States
2   Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
,
Kathleen Adams
1   NorthWest Innovation Center, Veterans' Affairs Portland Healthcare System, Portland, Oregon, United States
,
Victoria L. Church
1   NorthWest Innovation Center, Veterans' Affairs Portland Healthcare System, Portland, Oregon, United States
,
Stephanie Tallett
1   NorthWest Innovation Center, Veterans' Affairs Portland Healthcare System, Portland, Oregon, United States
,
Yelizaveta Russ
3   Division of Primary Care, Veterans' Affairs Portland Healthcare System, Portland, Oregon, United States
,
Jack Wiedrick
4   Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
,
Christopher Forsberg
5   Center of Innovation, Veterans' Affairs Portland Healthcare System, Portland, Oregon, United States
,
David A. Dorr
2   Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
› Institutsangaben
Funding This study was funded by VA National Center for Patient Safety.
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

18. November 2017

20. März 2018

Publikationsdatum:
02. Mai 2018 (online)

Abstract

Background The Veterans Affairs Portland Healthcare System developed a medication history collection software that displays prescription names and medication images.

Objective This article measures the frequency of medication discrepancy reporting using the medication history collection software and compares with the frequency of reporting using a paper-based process. This article also determines the accuracy of each method by comparing both strategies to a best possible medication history.

Study Design Randomized, controlled, single-blind trial.

Setting Three community-based primary care clinics associated with the Veterans Affairs Portland Healthcare System: a 300-bed teaching facility and ambulatory care network serving Veteran soldiers in the Pacific Northwest United States.

Participants Of 212 patients with primary care appointments, 209 patients fulfilled the study requirements.

Intervention Patients randomized to a software-directed medication history or a paper-based medication history. Randomization and allocation to treatment groups were performed using a computer-based random number generator. Assignments were placed in a sealed envelope and opened after participant consent. The research coordinator did not know or have access to the treatment assignment until the time of presentation.

Main Outcome Measures The primary analysis compared the discrepancy detection rates between groups with respect to the health record and a best possible medication history.

Results Of 3,500 medications reviewed, we detected 1,435 discrepancies. Forty-six percent of those discrepancies were potentially high risk for causing an adverse drug event. There was no difference in detection rates between treatment arms. Software sensitivity was 83% and specificity was 91%; paper sensitivity was 81% and specificity was 94%. No participants were lost to follow-up.

Conclusion The medication history collection software is an efficient and scalable method for gathering a medication history and detecting high-risk discrepancies. Although it included medication images, the technology did not improve accuracy over a paper list when compared with a best possible medication history.

Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02135731.

Authors' Contributions

All the authors contributed equally to the study.


Protection of Human and Animal Subjects

This study was performed in compliance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Our local Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this study. All participants provided written consent. We registered with ClinicalTrials.Gov (Identifier: NCT02135731) prior to data analysis. This study was funded in part by the VA National Center for Patient Safety.


 
  • References

  • 1 Orrico KB. Sources and types of discrepancies between electronic medical records and actual outpatient medication use. J Manag Care Pharm 2008; 14 (07) 626-631
  • 2 Boockvar KS, Livote EE, Goldstein N, Nebeker JR, Siu A, Fried T. Electronic health records and adverse drug events after patient transfer. Qual Saf Health Care 2010; 19 (05) e16
  • 3 Institute of Medicine (IOM). Preventing Medication Errors. In: Aspden P, Wolcott J, Bootman JL, Cronenwett LR. , eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2006
  • 4 Institute for Healthcare Improvement, ed. How-to-Guide: Prevent Adverse Drug Events with Medication Reconciliation. Cambridge: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2011
  • 5 Boockvar KS, Blum S, Kugler A. , et al. Effect of admission medication reconciliation on adverse drug events from admission medication changes. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171 (09) 860-861
  • 6 Budnitz DS, Lovegrove MC, Shehab N, Richards CL. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 (21) 2002-2012
  • 7 Gandhi TK, Weingart SN, Borus J. , et al. Adverse drug events in ambulatory care. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (16) 1556-1564
  • 8 Varkey P, Cunningham J, O'Meara J, Bonacci R, Desai N, Sheeler R. Multidisciplinary approach to inpatient medication reconciliation in an academic setting. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64 (08) 850-854
  • 9 Tam VC, Knowles SR, Cornish PL, Fine N, Marchesano R, Etchells EE. Frequency, type and clinical importance of medication history errors at admission to hospital: a systematic review. CMAJ 2005; 173 (05) 510-515
  • 10 Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N. , et al; ADE Prevention Study Group. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. Implications for prevention. JAMA 1995; 274 (01) 29-34
  • 11 Wittich CM, Burkle CM, Lanier WL. Medication errors: an overview for clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89 (08) 1116-1125
  • 12 Aspden P, Wolcott J, Bootman JL, Cronenwett LR. , eds. Preventing Medication Errors: Quality Chasm Series. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006
  • 13 Gleason KM, McDaniel MR, Feinglass J. , et al. Results of the Medications at Transitions and Clinical Handoffs (MATCH) study: an analysis of medication reconciliation errors and risk factors at hospital admission. J Gen Intern Med 2010; 25 (05) 441-447
  • 14 Hasan S, Duncan GT, Neill DB, Padman R. Automatic detection of omissions in medication lists. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2011; 18 (04) 449-458
  • 15 Porcelli PJ, Waitman LR, Brown SH. A review of medication reconciliation issues and experiences with clinical staff and information systems. Appl Clin Inform 2010; 1 (04) 442-461
  • 16 Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Medication reconciliation to prevent adverse drug events: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2014 [updated 2014]. Available at: http://www.ihi.org/explore/ADEsMedicationReconciliation/Pages/default.aspx . Accessed March 8, 2014
  • 17 Mueller SK, Sponsler KC, Kripalani S, Schnipper JL. Hospital-based medication reconciliation practices: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172 (14) 1057-1069
  • 18 Schnipper JL, Hamann C, Ndumele CD. , et al. Effect of an electronic medication reconciliation application and process redesign on potential adverse drug events: a cluster-randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169 (08) 771-780
  • 19 Nassaralla CL, Naessens JM, Chaudhry R, Hansen MA, Scheitel SM. Implementation of a medication reconciliation process in an ambulatory internal medicine clinic. Qual Saf Health Care 2007; 16 (02) 90-94
  • 20 Pronovost P, Weast B, Schwarz M. , et al. Medication reconciliation: a practical tool to reduce the risk of medication errors. J Crit Care 2003; 18 (04) 201-205
  • 21 Krska J, Cromarty JA, Arris F. , et al. Pharmacist-led medication review in patients over 65: a randomized, controlled trial in primary care. Age Ageing 2001; 30 (03) 205-211
  • 22 Kaboli PJ, Fernandes O. Medication reconciliation: moving forward. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172 (14) 1069-1070
  • 23 Greenwald JL, Halasyamani L, Greene J. , et al. Making inpatient medication reconciliation patient centered, clinically relevant and implementable: a consensus statement on key principles and necessary first steps. J Hosp Med 2010; 5 (08) 477-485
  • 24 Developed through the ASHP Council on Pharmacy Practice and approved by the ASHP Board of Directors on April 13, 2012, and by the ASHP House of Delegates on June 10, 2012. ASHP statement on the pharmacist's role in medication reconciliation. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 70 (05) 453-456
  • 25 Dullabh PM, Sondheimer NK, Katsh E, Evans MA. How patients can improve the accuracy of their medical records. eGEMs (Generating Evidence & Methods to improve patient outcomes); 2014 ; 2(3):19. Available at: https://egems.academyhealth.org/articles/abstract/10.13063/2327-9214.1080/
  • 26 Bassi J, Lau F, Bardal S. Use of information technology in medication reconciliation: a scoping review. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44 (05) 885-897
  • 27 Bayoumi I, Howard M, Holbrook AM, Schabort I. Interventions to improve medication reconciliation in primary care. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43 (10) 1667-1675
  • 28 Clay BJ, Halasyamani L, Stucky ER, Greenwald JL, Williams MV. Results of a medication reconciliation survey from the 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine national meeting. J Hosp Med 2008; 3 (06) 465-472
  • 29 Lesselroth BJ, Holahan PJ, Adams K. , et al. Primary care provider perceptions and use of a novel medication reconciliation technology. Inform Prim Care 2011; 19 (02) 105-118
  • 30 Boockvar KS, Santos SL, Kushniruk A, Johnson C, Nebeker JR. Medication reconciliation: barriers and facilitators from the perspectives of resident physicians and pharmacists. J Hosp Med 2011; 6 (06) 329-337
  • 31 Grossman JM, Gourevitch R, Cross DA. Hospital Experiences Using Electronic Health Records to Support Medication Reconciliation. Research Brief. Washington, DC: National Institute for Health Care Reform; 2014
  • 32 Poon EG, Blumenfeld B, Hamann C. , et al. Design and implementation of an application and associated services to support interdisciplinary medication reconciliation efforts at an integrated healthcare delivery network. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2006; 13 (06) 581-592
  • 33 Bruce Bayley K, Savitz LA, Maddalone T, Stoner SE, Hunt JS, Wells R. Evaluation of patient care interventions and recommendations by a transitional care pharmacist. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2007; 3 (04) 695-703
  • 34 Fernandes O, Shojania K. Medication reconciliation in the hospital: what, why, where, when, who and how?. Healthc Q 2012; 15 (Spec No): 42-49
  • 35 Rose AJ, Fischer SH, Paasche-Orlow MK. Beyond medication reconciliation: the correct medication list. JAMA 2017; 317 (20) 2057-2058
  • 36 Samarth A, Grant E. Using Health Information Technology to Perform Medication Reconciliation: Findings from the AHRQ Health IT Portfolio. In: Quality AfHRa, ed. Rockville, MD: AHRQ National Resource Center for Health Information Technology; 2010: 5
  • 37 Kwan JL, Lo L, Sampson M, Shojania KG. Medication reconciliation during transitions of care as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158 (5 Pt 2): 397-403
  • 38 Lesselroth BJ, Felder RS, Adams SM. , et al. Design and implementation of a medication reconciliation kiosk: the Automated Patient History Intake Device (APHID). J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009; 16 (03) 300-304
  • 39 Lesselroth B, Adams K, Tallett S. , et al. Usability evaluation of a Medication Reconciliation and Allergy Review (MRAR) kiosk: a methodological approach for analyzing user interactions. Stud Health Technol Inform 2015; 218: 40598
  • 40 Lesselroth BJ, Adams K, Tallett S. , et al. Design of admission medication reconciliation technology: a human factors approach to requirements and prototyping. HERD 2013; 6 (03) 30-48
  • 41 Lesselroth BJ, Adams K, Simon SR, Boockvar KS, Kaboli PJ. , eds. Innovative approaches to medication reconciliation within the Veterans' Health Administration: designing the 'Magic Pill'. Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium; 2014 ; Washington, DC: American Medical Informatics Association
  • 42 Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Health Administration. VHA Directive 2011–012: Medication Reconciliation. In: Administration VH. , ed. Washington, DC: Veterans Health Administration; 2011: 7
  • 43 Lesselroth B, Adams S, Felder R. , et al. Using consumer-based kiosk technology to improve and standardize medication reconciliation in a specialty care setting. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2009; 35 (05) 264-270
  • 44 Schnipper JL, Gandhi TK, Wald JS. , et al. Design and implementation of a web-based patient portal linked to an electronic health record designed to improve medication safety: the Patient Gateway medications module. Inform Prim Care 2008; 16 (02) 147-155
  • 45 Lasky T, Kogut S, Campbell S, Risica PM. Computer kiosks to deliver medication information in the pharmacy. J Consum Health Internet 2011; 15 (04) 347-360
  • 46 Heyworth L, Paquin AM, Clark J. , et al. Engaging patients in medication reconciliation via a patient portal following hospital discharge. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2014; 21 (e1): e157-e162
  • 47 Schnipper JL, Gandhi TK, Wald JS. , et al. Effects of an online personal health record on medication accuracy and safety: a cluster-randomized trial. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2012; 19 (05) 728-734
  • 48 Cohen AN, Chinman MJ, Hamilton AB, Whelan F, Young AS. Using patient-facing kiosks to support quality improvement at mental health clinics. Med Care 2013; 51 (03) (Suppl. 01) S13-S20
  • 49 Zeng-Treitler Q, Perri S, Nakamura C. , et al. Evaluation of a pictograph enhancement system for patient instruction: a recall study. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2014; 21 (06) 1026-1031
  • 50 Hornick TR, Higgins PA, Stollings C, Wetzel L, Barzilai K, Wolpaw D. Initial evaluation of a computer-based medication management tool in a geriatric clinic. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006; 4 (01) 62-69
  • 51 Kimmel SE, Lewis JD, Jaskowiak J, Kishel L, Hennessy S. Enhancement of medication recall using medication pictures and lists in telephone interviews. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003; 12 (01) 1-8
  • 52 Carayon P, Schoofs Hundt A, Karsh B-T. , et al. Work system design for patient safety: the SEIPS model. Qual Saf Health Care 2006; 15 (Suppl. 01) i50-i58
  • 53 Lesselroth BJ, Dorr DA, Adams K. , et al. Medication review software to improve the accuracy of outpatient medication histories: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Hum Factors Ergon Manuf 2012; 22 (01) 72-86 Epub October 14, 2011
  • 54 Donabedian A. The quality of medical care. Science 1978; 200 (4344): 856-864
  • 55 Medina J. Brain Rules. Seattle, WA: Pear Press; 2008
  • 56 Paivio A, Rogers TB, Smythe P. Why are pictures easier to recall than words?. Psychon Sci 1968; 11 (04) 137-138
  • 57 Lidwell W, Holden K, Butler J. Universal Principles of Design. Beverly, MA: Rockport Publishers; 2003
  • 58 Houts PS, Doak CC, Doak LG, Loscalzo MJ. The role of pictures in improving health communication: a review of research on attention, comprehension, recall, and adherence. Patient Educ Couns 2006; 61 (02) 173-190
  • 59 Raynor DK, Dickinson D. Key principles to guide development of consumer medicine information--content analysis of information design texts. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43 (04) 700-706
  • 60 Machtinger EL, Wang F, Chen L-L, Rodriguez M, Wu S, Schillinger D. A visual medication schedule to improve anticoagulation control: a randomized, controlled trial. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2007; 33 (10) 625-635
  • 61 Knapp P, Raynor DK, Jebar AH, Price SJ. Interpretation of medication pictograms by adults in the UK. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39 (7-8): 1227-1233
  • 62 Coulter A, Vessey M, McPherson K, Crossley B. The ability of women to recall their oral contraceptive histories. Contraception 1986; 33 (02) 127-137
  • 63 Lambert BL, Chang K-Y, Lin S-J. Effect of orthographic and phonological similarity on false recognition of drug names. Soc Sci Med 2001; 52 (12) 1843-1857
  • 64 Lambert BL, Lin S-J, Chang K-Y, Gandhi SK. Similarity as a risk factor in drug-name confusion errors: the look-alike (orthographic) and sound-alike (phonetic) model. Med Care 1999; 37 (12) 1214-1225
  • 65 Rataboli PV, Garg A. Confusing brand names: nightmare of medical profession. J Postgrad Med 2005; 51 (01) 13-16
  • 66 US Food and Drug Administration. National Drug Code Directory. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2011 [updated February 4, 2016]. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ndc/ . Accessed January 24, 2018
  • 67 Kaboli PJ, McClimon BJ, Hoth AB, Barnett MJ. Assessing the accuracy of computerized medication histories. Am J Manag Care 2004; 10 (11 Pt 2): 872-877
  • 68 Strunk LB, Matson AW, Steinke D. Impact of a pharmacist on medication reconciliation on a patient admission to a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Hosp Pharm 2008; 43 (08) 643-649
  • 69 Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL. Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1994; 271 (09) 703-707
  • 70 Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. ; CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152 (11) 726-732
  • 71 Meyer GJ. Guidelines for reporting information in studies of diagnostic test accuracy: the STARD initiative. J Pers Assess 2003; 81 (03) 191-193
  • 72 Chan KS, Fowles JB, Weiner JP. Review: electronic health records and the reliability and validity of quality measures: a review of the literature. Med Care Res Rev 2010; 67 (05) 503-527
  • 73 Linsky A, Simon SR. Medication discrepancies in integrated electronic health records. BMJ Qual Saf 2013; 22 (02) 103-109
  • 74 Varkey P, Cunningham J, Bisping DS. Improving medication reconciliation in the outpatient setting. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2007; 33 (05) 286-292
  • 75 Gleason KM, Groszek JM, Sullivan C, Rooney D, Barnard C, Noskin GA. Reconciliation of discrepancies in medication histories and admission orders of newly hospitalized patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004; 61 (16) 1689-1695
  • 76 Kostas T, Paquin AM, Zimmerman K, Simone M, Skarf LM, Rudolph JL. Characterizing medication discrepancies among older adults during transitions of care: a systematic review focusing on discrepancy synonyms, data sources and classification terms. Aging Health 2013; 9 (05) 497-508
  • 77 Stewart M. The validity of an interview to assess a patient's drug taking. Am J Prev Med 1987; 3 (02) 95-100
  • 78 Boockvar KS, Liu S, Goldstein N, Nebeker J, Siu A, Fried T. Prescribing discrepancies likely to cause adverse drug events after patient transfer. Qual Saf Health Care 2009; 18 (01) 32-36
  • 79 Badowski SA, Rosenbloom D, Dawson PH. Clinical importance of pharmacist-obtained medication histories using a validated questionnaire. Am J Hosp Pharm 1984; 41 (04) 731-732
  • 80 Pippins JR, Gandhi TK, Hamann C. , et al. Classifying and predicting errors of inpatient medication reconciliation. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23 (09) 1414-1422
  • 81 Smith JD, Coleman EA, Min S-J. A new tool for identifying discrepancies in postacute medications for community-dwelling older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2004; 2 (02) 141-147
  • 82 Wong JD, Bajcar JM, Wong GG. , et al. Medication reconciliation at hospital discharge: evaluating discrepancies. Ann Pharmacother 2008; 42 (10) 1373-1379
  • 83 Fung KW, Kayaalp M, Callaghan F, McDonald CJ. Comparison of electronic pharmacy prescription records with manually collected medication histories in an emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2013; 62 (03) 205-211
  • 84 Kushniruk A, Santos SL, Pourakis G, Nebeker JR, Boockvar KS. , Eds. Cognitive analysis of a medication reconciliation tool: applying laboratory and naturalistic approaches to system evaluation. ITCH 2011. ; February 2011; Victoria, Canada
  • 85 Wolff CM, Nowacki AS, Yeh J-Y, Hickner JM. A randomized controlled trial of two interventions to improve medication reconciliation. J Am Board Fam Med 2014; 27 (03) 347-355
  • 86 Walsh EK, Cussen K. “Take ten minutes”: a dedicated ten minute medication review reduces polypharmacy in the elderly. Ir Med J 2010; 103 (08) 236-238
  • 87 Vermeire E, Hearnshaw H, Van Royen P, Denekens J. Patient adherence to treatment: three decades of research. A comprehensive review. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001; 26 (05) 331-342
  • 88 Moisan J, Gaudet M, Grégoire J-P, Bouchard R. Non-compliance with drug treatment and reading difficulties with regard to prescription labelling among seniors. Gerontology 2002; 48 (01) 44-51
  • 89 Stroupe KT, Smith BM, Hogan TP. , et al. Medication acquisition across systems of care and patient-provider communication among older veterans. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 70 (09) 804-813
  • 90 Cornu P, Steurbaut S, Leysen T. , et al. Effect of medication reconciliation at hospital admission on medication discrepancies during hospitalization and at discharge for geriatric patients. Ann Pharmacother 2012; 46 (04) 484-494
  • 91 Andersen SE, Pedersen AB, Bach KF. Medication history on internal medicine wards: assessment of extra information collected from second drug interviews and GP lists. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003; 12 (06) 491-498
  • 92 Coleman JJ, Hodson J, Thomas SK, Brooks HL, Ferner RE. Temporal and other factors that influence the time doctors take to prescribe using an electronic prescribing system. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2015; 22 (01) 206-212
  • 93 Stephenson BJ, Rowe BH, Haynes RB, Macharia WM, Leon G. The rational clinical examination. Is this patient taking the treatment as prescribed?. JAMA 1993; 269 (21) 2779-2781
  • 94 Bourgeois FT, Porter SC, Valim C, Jackson T, Cook EF, Mandl KD. The value of patient self-report for disease surveillance. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2007; 14 (06) 765-771
  • 95 Fowler Jr F. Survey Research Methods. Los Angeles, CA: Sage; 2014: 172
  • 96 Mekonnen AB, McLachlan AJ, Brien JA. Pharmacy-led medication reconciliation programmes at hospital transitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 41 (02) 128-144
  • 97 Lesselroth BJ, Eisenhauer W, Adams SM. , et al. Simulation modeling of a check-in and medication reconciliation ambulatory clinic kiosk. J Healthc Eng 2011; 2 (02) 197-222
  • 98 Grant RW, Devita NG, Singer DE, Meigs JB. Improving adherence and reducing medication discrepancies in patients with diabetes. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37 (7-8): 962-969
  • 99 Stock R, Scott J, Gurtel S. Using an electronic prescribing system to ensure accurate medication lists in a large multidisciplinary medical group. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2009; 35 (05) 271-277
  • 100 Marien S, Krug B, Spinewine A. Electronic tools to support medication reconciliation: a systematic review. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2017; 24 (01) 227-240
  • 101 McCarthy L, Su XW, Crown N. , et al. Medication reconciliation interventions in ambulatory care: A scoping review. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2016; 73 (22) 1845-1857
  • 102 Weingart SN, Cleary A, Seger A. , et al. Medication reconciliation in ambulatory oncology. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2007; 33 (12) 750-757
  • 103 Kausler D. Experimental Psychology, Cognition, and Human Aging. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1991
  • 104 Grindrod K, Burns CM. , eds. Medication reconciliation: more than just a check. 2015 International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care: Improving the Outcomes; April 26–29, 2015 ; Baltimore, MD: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • 105 Bhupatiraju RT, Gorman PN. , eds. “Doing the yellows”–analysis of medication review processes by different clinicians in long term care. American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium, November 6, 2008; Washington, DC: American Medical Informatics Association; 2008
  • 106 Jylhä V, Saranto K. Electronic documentation in medication reconciliation - a challenge for health care professionals. Appl Nurs Res 2008; 21 (04) 237-239
  • 107 White CM, Schoettker PJ, Conway PH. , et al. Utilising improvement science methods to optimise medication reconciliation. BMJ Qual Saf 2011; 20 (04) 372-380
  • 108 Plaisant C, Wu J, Hettinger AZ, Powsner S, Shneiderman B. Novel user interface design for medication reconciliation: an evaluation of Twinlist. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2015; 22 (02) 340-349
  • 109 Nelson SJ, Zeng K, Kilbourne J, Powell T, Moore R. Normalized names for clinical drugs: RxNorm at 6 years. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2011; 18 (04) 441-448
  • 110 Liu S, Wei M, Moore R, Ganesan V, Nelson SJ. RxNorm: prescription for electronic drug information exchange. IT Prof 2005; 7 (05) 17-23
  • 111 Jones SS, Rudin RS, Perry T, Shekelle PG. Health information technology: an updated systematic review with a focus on meaningful use. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160 (01) 48-54
  • 112 Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. The “meaningful use” regulation for electronic health records. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (06) 501-504
  • 113 Nazi KM, Turvey CL, Klein DM, Hogan TP, Woods SSVA. VA OpenNotes: exploring the experiences of early patient adopters with access to clinical notes. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2015; 22 (02) 380-389
  • 114 Nazi KM. Veterans' voices: use of the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) Survey to identify My HealtheVet personal health record users' characteristics, needs, and preferences. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2010; 17 (02) 203-211
  • 115 Bailey SC, Belter LT, Pandit AU, Carpenter DM, Carlos E, Wolf MS. The availability, functionality, and quality of mobile applications supporting medication self-management. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2014; 21 (03) 542-546
  • 116 Goldzweig CL, Orshansky G, Paige NM. , et al. Electronic patient portals: evidence on health outcomes, satisfaction, efficiency, and attitudes: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159 (10) 677-687
  • 117 Lyles C, Tieu L, Schillinger D, Ratanawongsa N, Sarkar U. , eds. Early experiences with meaningful use and online portal implementation among providers/staff and patients/caregivers in a safety net healthcare system. American Medical Informatics Association Fall Symposium 2015 . San Francisco, CA: American Medical Informatics Association; 2015
  • 118 Rappaport DI, Collins B, Koster A. , et al. Implementing medication reconciliation in outpatient pediatrics. Pediatrics 2011; 128 (06) e1600-e1607
  • 119 Ratanawongsa N, Karter AJ, Parker MM. , et al. Communication and medication refill adherence: the Diabetes Study of Northern California. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173 (03) 210-218
  • 120 Tang PC, Newcomb C. Informing patients: a guide for providing patient health information. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1998; 5 (06) 563-570
  • 121 Checchi KD, Huybrechts KF, Avorn J, Kesselheim AS. Electronic medication packaging devices and medication adherence: a systematic review. JAMA 2014; 312 (12) 1237-1247
  • 122 Istepanian R, Jovanov E, Zhang YT. Introduction to the special section on M-Health: beyond seamless mobility and global wireless health-care connectivity. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2004; 8 (04) 405-414
  • 123 McGavock H, Britten N, Weinman T. A Review of the Literature on Drug Adherence. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; 1996: 1-55
  • 124 Redd T, Doberne J, Lattin D. , et al , eds. Variability in electronic health record usage and perceptions among specialty vs. primary care physicians. American Medical Informatics Association Fall Symposium 2015 . San Francisco, CA; 2015
  • 125 McDowell SE, Ferner HS, Ferner RE. The pathophysiology of medication errors: how and where they arise. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 67 (06) 605-613