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DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1075667
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Ernährungstherapie bei Gestationsdiabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus: which nutritional treatment is efficacious?Publication History
eingereicht: 28.3.2008
akzeptiert: 11.4.2008
Publication Date:
15 April 2008 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Vorbestehendes Übergewicht und übermäßige Energiezufuhr sind entscheidende beeinflussbare Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung eines Gestationsdiabetes (GDM) und sind wahrscheinlich auch wichtige Determinanten der sog. fötalen (Fehl-)Programmierung, die das langfristige Gesundheitsrisiko der Neugeborenen mitbestimmt. Bei der Behandlung des Gestationsdiabetes ist daher eine adäquate Energie- und Nährstoffzufuhr bei gleichzeitig regelmäßigen Blutzuckerkontrollen von fundamentaler Bedeutung. Dieses Konzept reicht in den meisten Fällen aus, um das strenge Therapieziel der Normoglykämie zu erreichen. Hinsichtlich der optimalen Makronährstoffzusammensetzung (Kohlenhydrate, Fett, Eiweiß) und deren Verteilung auf die einzelnen Mahlzeiten sowie der Art der Kalorierestriktion bei übergewichtigen und adipösen Frauen mit GDM gibt es allerdings noch viele Unsicherheiten, da die Datenbasis vergleichsweise dünn ist. Die Kohlenhydratzufuhr kann zwischen 40 und 55 % der Gesamtenergiezufuhr variieren und sollte auf Haupt- und Zwischenmahlzeiten verteilt werden. Die individuelle Ernährungstherapie ist zusammen mit anderen spezifischen Lebensstilmaßnahmen eine essenzielle Komponente in der Behandlung des Gestationsdiabetes.
Summary
Overweight and increased energy intake before conception are powerful risk factors in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and may also represent important determinants of the so-called fetal (mal-)programming, which may have long-term consequences for the health of the newborn. Thus, an adequate intake of energy and nutrients is of fundamental significance in the treatment of GDM, along with regular self-monitorin of blood glucose. This concept suffices in most cases to achieve the strict therapeutic goal of normoglycemia. However, because of a lack of data from interventional studies, there is uncertainty about the optimal macronutrient composition of the diet (carbohydrates, fat, protein) and meal distribution, as well as of the mode of calorie restriction in overweight and obese women with GDM. Varying the carbohydrate intake between 40 and 55 % of total energy intake appears to be acceptable and may be distributed across main meals and snacks. Thus, individualized nutritional treatment together with other specific lifestyle interventions are the principal components in the management of GDM.
Schlüsselwörter
Gestationsdiabetes - Ernährungstherapie - Intervention - Lebensstiländerung
Key words
gestational diabetes mellitus - nutritional therapy - intervention - change of life style
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Dr. rer. nat. Ulrike Amann-Gassner
Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, Technische Universität München
Am Forum 5
85350 Freising-Weihenstephan
Email: ulrike.amann-gassner@wzw.tum.de