Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-946577
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Endokrinologisch-osteologische Defektsyndrome bei Langzeitüberlebenden maligner hämatologischer Erkrankungen
Endocrine and osteological deficits in long time survivors after malignant haematological disordersPublication History
eingereicht: 30.3.2005
akzeptiert: 20.10.2005
Publication Date:
07 June 2006 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Störungen des endokrinen Systems haben einen großen Einfluss auf den Knochenstoffwechsel und das Wachstum. Hochdosierte Glukokortikoide können eine Osteoporose induzieren und Hypothalamus sowie Hypophyse supprimieren. Sowohl Hyper- als auch Hypothyreose, Hypogonadismus und Wachstumshormonmangel beeinflussen das Längenwachstum und sind entscheidende pathogenetische Faktoren der Osteoporose .
Bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen, die eine maligne Erkrankung überlebt haben, kann als Spätfolge der therapieinduzierten endokrinen Störungen eine Wachstumsstörung auftreten. Hauptursache dafür ist eine hypothalamisch-hypophysäre Funktionsstörung mit Wachstumshormonmangel, die mit der Schädelbestrahlung in Zusammenhang steht. Die strahleninduzierte primäre Schädigung der Gonaden mit der Folge eines hypergonadotropen Hypogonadismus hat einen ungünstigen Einfluss auf die maximale Knochendichte. Vielfältige Beeinträchtigungen des Pubertätsverlaufes, die das Wachstum bzw. die Endlänge beeinträchtigen, sind beschrieben.
Bei Erwachsenen werden als endokrine Spätfolgen nach Knochenmarktransplantation Wachstumshormonmangel, gonadale Insuffizienz (vorzeitige Menopause bzw. Hodenschaden) und eine latente Hypothyreose beobachtet. Diese beeinträchtigen den Knochenstoffwechsel bzw. die Knochendichte. Die Hypophysenvorderlappen-Insuffizienz nach Schädelbestrahlungen führt zu einer Abnahme der Knochendichte.
Sowohl Glukokortikoide als auch einzelne Chemotherapeutika haben knochenschädigende Effekte. Alkylantien und Procarbazin haben einen gonadotoxischen Effekt. Antimetabolite wie Methotrexat wirken direkt auf den Knochen. Nach der allogenen und der autologen Knochenmarkstransplantation kommt es zu Knochendichteverlusten hauptsächlich im Bereich des Oberschenkels. Regelmäßige Knochendichtemessungen und Laborkontrollen sind nötig. Langzeitüberlebende maligner Erkrankungen bedürfen einer regelmäßigen und konsequenten endokrinologischen Nachsorge mit repetitiven Hypophysenstimulationstesten. Die Strahlendosis auf das zentrale Nervensystem soll so gering wie möglich gehalten werden. Wenn vertretbar, sollte die Schädelbestrahlung vermieden werden, um einer Hypophysenvorderlappen-Insuffizienz vorzubeugen. Endokrine Störungen wie z. B. Hypogonadismus sollen nach den Empfehlungen zur Prophylaxe und Therapie der sekundären, endokrin bedingten Osteoporose ausgeglichen werden. Danach ist, soweit nötig, eine spezifische antiosteoporotische Therapie einzusetzen. Hierbei handelt es sich jedoch oft um eine „off-label”-Anwendung. Wann bei Wachstumshormonmangel nach einer Chemotherapie, insbesondere nach einer Knochenmarkstransplantation, substituiert werden sollte, bleibt Gegenstand kontroverser Diskussionen.
Summary
Abnormalities of the endocrine system have considerable influence on bone metabolism and growth. High-dosage glucocorticoids can induce osteoporosis and suppress both hypothalamic and hypophyseal functions. Both hyper- and hypothyroidism, hypogonadism and growth-hormone deficiency effect longitudinal growth and are decisive pathogenic factors in osteoporosis. Juveniles and young adults who have survived malignant diseases can have abnormal growth as a sequel of treatment-induced endocrine abnormalities. Its main cause is abnormalities in hypothalamic-hypophyseal function with growth hormone deficiency, associated with radiotherapy. Radiation-induced primary damage to the gonads with resulting hypergonadotropic hypogonadism has an unfavorable effect on maximal bone density. Multiple impairments in the course of puberty which reduce growth or final height have been described. In adults growth-hormone deficiency, gonadal insufficiency (premature menopause or testicular damage) and latent hypothyroidism have been described as late endocrine sequelae after bone-marrow transplantation. They impair bone metabolism or bone density. Hypopituitarism after cranial irradiation leads to a reduction in bone density. Glucocorticoids and some chemotherapeutic drugs can damage bone. Alkylants and procarbazine have a gonadotoxic effect. Antimetabolites, such as methotrexate, act directly on bone. Loss of bone density, especially in the region of the femoral neck, occurs after allogenic and autologous bone-marrow transplantation. Regular measurements of bone density and laboratory tests are necessary. Regular and consistent endocrinological follow-up as well as repeated pituitary stimulatory tests are essential in long-term survivors of malignant diseases. The radiation dosage to the central nervous system should be kept as low as possible. If it can be justified, cranial irradiation should in fact be avoided to prevent hypopituitarism. Endocrinological abnormalities, e.g. hypogonadism should be treated according to the guidelines for preventing and treating secondary endocrine-conditioned osteoporosis. Subsequently specific treatment for osteoporosis should be initiated, if necessary. But this is an „off-label” application. It is currently still a matter of controversy whether replacement treatment should be undertaken for growth-hormone deficiency after chemotherapy or, especially, after bone marrow transplantation.
Schlüsselwörter
endokrinologische Defektsyndrome - osteologische Defektsyndrome - maligne hämatologische Erkrankungen
Key words
endocrine deficiency - bone deficiency - malignant haematological diseases
Literatur
- 1
Statement from the Growth Hormone Research Society .
Critical evaluation of the safety of recombinant human growth hormone administration.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2001;
86
1868-1870
MissingFormLabel
- 2
American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis .
Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis:
2001 update.
Arthritis Rheum.
2001;
44
1496-1503
MissingFormLabel
- 3
Evidenz-basierte Konsensus-Leitlinien zur Osteoporose des DVO.
2003;
(DVO und www.lutherhaus.de/osteo/leitlinien-dvo).
MissingFormLabel
- 4
Aisenberg J, Hsieh K, Kalaitzoglou G. et al .
Bone mineral density in young adult survivors of childhood cancer.
J Pediatr Hematol Oncol.
1998;
20
241-245
MissingFormLabel
- 5
Arvidson J, Lonnerholm G, Tuvemo T, Carlson K, Lannering B, Lonnerholm T.
Prepubertal growth and growth hormone secretion in children after treatment for hematological
malignancies, including autologous bone marrow transplantation.
Pediatr Hematol Oncol.
2000;
17
285-297
MissingFormLabel
- 6
Bokemeyer C, Schmoll H J, van Rhee J, Kuczyk M, Schuppert F, Poliwoda H.
Long-term gonadal toxicity after therapy for Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Ann Hematol.
1994;
68
105-110
MissingFormLabel
- 7
Boot A M, van den Heuvel-Eibrink M M, Hahlen K, Krenning E P, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama S M.
Bone mineral density in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Eur J Cancer.
1999;
35
1693-1697
MissingFormLabel
- 8
Buchs N, Helg C, Collao C. et al .
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is associated with a preferential femoral neck
bone loss.
Osteoporos Int.
2001;
12
880-886
MissingFormLabel
- 9
Cicognani A, Cacciari E, Pession A. et al .
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) concentrations
compared to stimulated growth hormone (GH) in the evaluation of children treated for
malignancy.
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.
1999;
12
629-638
MissingFormLabel
- 10
Clark S T, Radford J A, Crowther D, Swindell R, Shalet S M.
Gonadal function following chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease: a comparative study
of MVPP and a seven-drug hybrid regimen.
J Clin Oncol.
1995;
13
134-139
MissingFormLabel
- 11
Collet-Solberg P F, Sernyak H, Satin-Smith M. et al .
Endocrine outcome in long-term survivors of low-grade hypothalamic/chiasmatic glioma.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).
1997;
47
79-85
MissingFormLabel
- 12
Couto-Silva A C, Trivin C, Esperou H, Michon J, Fischer A, Brauner R.
Changes in height, weight and plasma leptin after bone marrow transplantation.
Bone Marrow Transplant.
2000;
26
1205-1210
MissingFormLabel
- 13
Cranney A, Adachi J D.
Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a guide to optimum management.
Treat Endocrinol.
2002;
1
271-279
MissingFormLabel
- 14
Davies H A, Didcock E, Didi M, Ogilvy-Stuart A, Wales J K, Shalet S M.
Disproportionate short stature after cranial irradiation and combination chemotherapy
for leukaemia.
Arch Dis Child.
1994;
70
472-475
MissingFormLabel
- 15
de Schepper J, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Louis O, Maurus R, Otten J.
Bone metabolism and mineralisation after cytotoxic chemotherapy including ifosfamide.
Arch Dis Child.
1994;
71
346-348
MissingFormLabel
- 16
Ebeling P R, Thomas D M, Erbas B, Hopper J L, Szer J, Grigg A P.
Mechanisms of bone loss following allogeneic and autologous hemopoietic stem cell
transplantation.
J Bone Miner Res.
1999;
14
342-350
MissingFormLabel
- 17
Frisk P, Arvidson J, Gustafsson J, Lonnerholm G.
Pubertal development and final height after autologous bone marrow transplantation
for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Bone Marrow Transplant.
2004;
33
205-210
MissingFormLabel
- 18
Gandhi M K, Lekamwasam S, Inman I. et al .
Significant and persistent loss of bone mineral density in the femoral neck after
haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: long-term follow-up of a prospective study.
Br J Haematol.
2003;
121
462-468
MissingFormLabel
- 19
Giorgiani G, Bozzola M, Locatelli F. et al .
Role of busulfan and total body irradiation on growth of prepubertal children receiving
bone marrow transplantation and results of treatment with recombinant human growth
hormone.
Blood.
1995;
86
825-831
MissingFormLabel
- 20
Gurney J G, Kadan-Lottick N S, Packer R J. et al .
Endocrine and cardiovascular late effects among adult survivors of childhood brain
tumors: Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.
Cancer.
2003;
97
663-673
MissingFormLabel
- 21
Halton J M, Atkinson S A, Fraher L. et al .
Altered mineral metabolism and bone mass in children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic
leukemia.
J Bone Miner Res.
1996;
11
1774-1783
MissingFormLabel
- 22
Halton J M, Atkinson S A, Fraher L. et al .
Mineral homeostasis and bone mass at diagnosis in children with acute lymphoblastic
leukemia.
J Pediatr.
1995;
126
557-564
MissingFormLabel
- 23
Holmes S J, Whitehouse R W, Clark S T, Crowther D C, Adams J E, Shalet S M.
Reduced bone mineral density in men following chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease.
Br J Cancer.
1994;
70
371-375
MissingFormLabel
- 24
Hoorweg-Nijman J J, Kardos G, Roos J C. et al .
Bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover in young adult survivors of childhood
lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).
1999;
50
237-244
MissingFormLabel
- 25
Hovi L, Saarinen-Pihkala U M, Vettenranta K, Lipsanen M, Tapanainen P.
Growth in children with poor-risk neuroblastoma after regimens with or without total
body irradiation in preparation for autologous bone marrow transplantation.
Bone Marrow Transplant.
1999;
24
1131-1136
MissingFormLabel
- 26
Howell S J, Radford J A, Adams J E, Shalet S M.
The impact of mild Leydig cell dysfunction following cytotoxic chemotherapy on bone
mineral density (BMD) and body composition.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).
2000;
52
609-616
MissingFormLabel
- 27
Huma Z, Boulad F, Black P, Heller G, Sklar C.
Growth in children after bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia.
Blood.
1995;
86
819-824
MissingFormLabel
- 28
Johansson A G, Burman P, Westermark K, Ljunghall S.
The bone mineral density in acquired growth hormone deficiency correlates with circulating
levels of insulin-like growth factor I.
J Intern Med.
1992;
232
447-452
MissingFormLabel
- 29
Kanis J A, Johansson H, Oden A. et al .
A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk.
J Bone Miner Res.
2004;
19
893-899
MissingFormLabel
- 30
Kann P, Jocham A, Beyer J.
Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and therapy with thyroid hormones: effect on the skeletal
system.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
1997;
122
1392-1397
MissingFormLabel
- 31
Kann P H.
Wachstumshormon, Knochenstoffwechsel und Osteoporose beim Erwachsenen.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
2004;
129
1390-1394
MissingFormLabel
- 32
Kann P H.
Sekundäre Osteoporosen bei endokrinen Erkrankungen.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
2005;
130
165-170
MissingFormLabel
- 33
Kauppila M, Koskinen P, Irjala K, Remes K, Viikari J.
Long-term effects of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on pituitary, gonad,
thyroid and adrenal function in adults.
Bone Marrow Transplant.
1998;
22
331-337
MissingFormLabel
- 34
Keilholz U, Max R, Scheibenbogen C, Wuster C, Korbling M, Haas R.
Endocrine function and bone metabolism 5 years after autologous bone marrow/blood-derived
progenitor cell transplantation.
Cancer.
1997;
79
1617-1622
MissingFormLabel
- 35
Kim S H, Lim S K, Hahn J S.
Effect of pamidronate on new vertebral fractures and bone mineral density in patients
with malignant lymphoma receiving chemotherapy.
Am J Med.
2004;
116
524-528
MissingFormLabel
- 36
Kother M, Schindler J, Oette K, Berthold F.
Abnormalities in serum osteocalcin values in children receiving chemotherapy including
ifosfamide.
In Vivo.
1992;
6
219-221
MissingFormLabel
- 37
Kreuser E D, Felsenberg D, Behles C. et al .
Long-term gonadal dysfunction and its impact on bone mineralization in patients following
COPP/ABVD chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease.
Ann Oncol.
1992;
3
105-110
MissingFormLabel
- 38
Leone J, Vilque J P, Jolly D. et al .
Effect of chlorambucil on bone mineral density in the course of chronic lymphoid leukemia.
Eur J Haematol.
1998;
61
135-139
MissingFormLabel
- 39
Mackie E J, Radford M, Shalet S M.
Gonadal function following chemotherapy for childhood Hodgkin’s disease.
Med Pediatr Oncol.
1996;
27
74-78
MissingFormLabel
- 40
Mills W, Chatterjee R, McGarrigle H H, Linch D C, Goldstone A H.
Partial hypopituitarism following total body irradiation in adult patients with haematological
malignancy.
Bone Marrow Transplant.
1994;
14
471-473
MissingFormLabel
- 41
Ogilvy-Stuart A L, Clayton P E, Shalet S M.
Cranial irradiation and early puberty.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1994;
78
1282-1286
MissingFormLabel
- 42
Pfeilschifter J, Diel I J.
Osteoporosis due to cancer treatment: pathogenesis and management.
J Clin Oncol.
2000;
18
1570-1593
MissingFormLabel
- 43
Ragab A H, Frech R S, Vietti T J.
Osteoporotic fractures secondary to methotrexate therapy of acute leukemia in remission.
Cancer.
1970;
25
580-585
MissingFormLabel
- 44
Ratcliffe M A, Lanham S A, Reid D M, Dawson A A.
Bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with lymphoma: the effects of chemotherapy,
intermittent corticosteroids and premature menopause.
Hematol Oncol.
1992;
10
181-187
MissingFormLabel
- 45
Robson H, Anderson E, Eden O B, Isaksson O, Shalet S.
Chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of childhood malignancies have direct
effects on growth plate chondrocyte proliferation.
J Endocrinol.
1998;
157
225-235
MissingFormLabel
- 46
Rosen T, Hansson T, Granhed H, Szucs J, Bengtsson B A.
Reduced bone mineral content in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh).
1993;
129
201-206
MissingFormLabel
- 47
Schulte C M, Beelen D W.
Bone loss following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a long-term follow-up.
Blood.
2004;
103
3635-3643
MissingFormLabel
- 48
Schwartz A M, Leonidas J C.
Methotrexate osteopathy.
Skeletal Radiol.
1984;
11
13-16
MissingFormLabel
- 49
Shalet S M, Brennan B M.
Growth and growth hormone status after a bone marrow transplant.
Horm Res.
2002;
58
86-90
MissingFormLabel
- 50
Shusterman S, Meadows A T.
Long term survivors of childhood leukemia.
Curr Opin Hematol.
2000;
7
217-222
MissingFormLabel
- 51
Stanisavljevic S, Babcock A L.
Fractures in children treated with methotrexate for leukemia.
Clin Orthop Relat Res.
1977;
125
139-144
MissingFormLabel
- 52
Steinbuch M, Youket T E, Cohen S.
Oral glucocorticoid use is associated with an increased risk of fracture.
Osteoporos Int.
2004;
15
323-328
MissingFormLabel
- 53
Vaidya S J, Atra A, Bahl S. et al .
Autologous bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
in second remission - long-term follow-up.
Bone Marrow Transplant.
2000;
25
599-603
MissingFormLabel
- 54
van den Berg H, Stuve W, Behrendt H.
Treatment of Hodgkin’s disease in children with alternating mechlorethamine, vincristine,
procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) and adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine
(ABVD) courses without radiotherapy.
Med Pediatr Oncol.
1997;
29
23-27
MissingFormLabel
- 55
van Leeuwen B L, Kamps W A, Jansen H W, Hoekstra H J.
The effect of chemotherapy on the growing skeleton.
Cancer Treat Rev.
2000;
26
363-376
MissingFormLabel
- 56
van Staa T P, Leufkens H G, Abenhaim L, Zhang B, Cooper C.
Oral corticosteroids and fracture risk: relationship to daily and cumulative doses.
Rheumatology (Oxford).
2000;
39
1383-1389
MissingFormLabel
- 57
Van Staa T P, Leufkens H G, Abenhaim L, Zhang B, Cooper C.
Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures.
J Bone Miner Res.
2000;
15
993-1000
MissingFormLabel
- 58
Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Brosnan P, Delpassand A, Zietz H, Klein M J, Jaffe N.
Osteopenia in young adult survivors of childhood cancer.
Med Pediatr Oncol.
1999;
32
272-278
MissingFormLabel
- 59
Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L.
Fractures in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: a nationwide follow-up
study in 16,249 patients.
Thyroid.
2002;
12
411-419
MissingFormLabel
- 60
Warner J T, Evans W D, Webb D K, Bell W, Gregory J W.
Relative osteopenia after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Pediatr Res.
1999;
45
544-551
MissingFormLabel
- 61
Weilbaecher K N.
Mechanisms of osteoporosis after hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.
2000;
6
165-174
MissingFormLabel
- 62
Wilhelm B, Kann P H.
Wachstumshormon und Knochen: Einfluss einer 7-jährigen Wachstumshormonsubstitution
auf Knochenstoffwechsel, Knochendichte und Knochenqualität bei Erwachsenen mit einem
Wachstumshormonmangel.
Med Klin (Munich).
2004;
99
569-577
MissingFormLabel
Dr. med. Diana Ivan
Philipps-Universität Marburg, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Standort Marburg,
Bereich Endokrinologie & Diabetologie (Leiter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Peter Herbert
Kann)
Baldingerstraße
35033 Marburg
Phone: 06421/2866525
Fax: 06421/2862733
Email: ivan@med.uni-marburg.de