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DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-868739
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Neue Krankheitsbilder durch pneumotrope Viren
Emerging viral respiratory infectionsPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 14.2.2005
akzeptiert: 28.4.2005
Publikationsdatum:
25. Mai 2005 (online)

Mit der Elimination der Pocken, der Eindämmung der Tuberkulose und Diphtherie sowie mit der Möglichkeit der Impfungen gegen Influenza und andere Viruserkrankungen schienen die Gefahren großer und sich schnell verbreitender Infektionserkrankungen in den Industrieländern gebannt. Umso überraschender kam das plötzliche Auftreten des schweren akuten Atemwegssyndrom (engl. „severe acute respiratory syndrome” [SARS)) im Jahr 2003. Die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich diese Krankheit in über 20 Ländern der Erde ausbreitete, kam für viele unerwartet und zeigte die Verwundbarkeit der modernen mobilen Gesellschaft. Mit SARS wurde erstmals seit der Spanischen Grippe 1918/19 wieder deutlich, dass von respiratorischen Viruserkrankungen binnen kürzester Zeit eine relevante Bedrohung für die Entstehung von Pandemien ausgehen kann.
Die meisten neuen respiratorischen Virusinfektionen entstammen tierischen Reservoiren. Virustransmissionen auf andere Tiere und Menschen wurden in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten durch Massentierhaltungen und ein vielerorts explosionsartiges Bevölkerungswachstum stark gefördert. Einige z. T. hochpathogene und hochvirulente pneumotrope Viren haben durch genetische Adaptation in jüngster Zeit den Sprung über die Speziesbarriere auf den Menschen geschafft (Tab. [1]). Hierzu gehören neben den SARS-Coronaviren, Hendra- und Nipahviren, Hantaviren und Vogelgrippeviren. Ihre Krankheitsbilder und ihr zukünftiges Gefährdungspotential werden in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt.
Tab. 1 Natürliche Wirte und Vektoren hochkontagiöser Atemwegserkrankungen. Virus Familie Wirte oder Vektoren SARS Coronavirus Coronaviren Larvenroller (Zibetkatze) Influenzavirus A H5N1 Influenzavirus A H7N7 Orthomyxoviren Hühner Enten freilebende Wasservögel Hendravirus Paramyxoviren Fledermäuse Pferde Nipahvirus Paramyxoviren Fledermäuse Schweine Hantaviren Bunyaviren Nagetiere
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Dipl.-Biol. Christoph Lange
Medizinische Klinik, Forschungszentrum Borstel
Parkallee 35
23845 Borstel
Telefon: 04537/188332
Fax: 04537/188313
eMail: clange@fz-borstel.de