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DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-863090
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Was ist „Fast-track”-Chirurgie?
What is „Fast-track“-surgery?Publication History
eingereicht: 11.1.2005
akzeptiert: 21.2.2005
Publication Date:
03 March 2005 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Unter „Fast-track“-Chirurgie - auch „Fast-track”-Rehabilitation genannt - versteht man ein interdisziplinäres, multimodales perioperatives Behandlungskonzept zur Beschleunigung der postoperativen Rekonvaleszenz und Vermeidung allgemeiner Komplikationen. Die „Fast-track”-Rehabilitation besteht aus folgenden Bausteinen: psychologische Patientenkonditionierung, atraumatische und minimalinvasive Zugangswege zum Operationsgebiet und Verzicht auf Sonden und Drainagen, optimierte Anästhesie unter Normovolämie und Vermeidung von Hypothermie und Hypoxämie, effektive perioperative Schmerztherapie, forcierte Patientenmobilisation, raschen Kostaufbau auch nach intraabdominellen Eingriffen. Konzepte zur „Fast-track”-Rehabilitation sind ebenso für allgemein-, viszeral-, gefäß- und thoraxchirurgischen Operationen, wie auch für orthopädisch-traumatologische, urologische und gynäkologische Eingriffen publiziert worden. In der Allgemeinchirurgie wurde die „Fast-track”-Rehabilitation bislang am besten bei elektiven Kolonresektionen untersucht. Die multimodale Therapie hat dabei die Quote allgemeiner Komplikationen von 20 - 30 % auf unter 10 % gesenkt und die postoperative Krankenhausverweildauer von 12 - 15 auf 2 - 5 Tage reduziert. Die kritische Evaluation bei anderen mittelgroßen und großen Operationen sollte in randomisierten, kontrollierten Multizenterstudien erfolgen.
Summary
„Fast-track”-surgery - also called „fast-track”-rehabilitation - is an interdisciplinary, multimodal concept to accelerate postoperative reconvalescence and reduce general morbidity. „Fast-track”-rehabilitation focusses on preoperative patient education, atraumatic and minimal-invasive access to the operative field, optimized anesthesia under normovolemia and prevention of intraoperative hypoxia and hypothermia, effective analgetic therapy without high systemic doses of opiods, enforced postoperative patient mobilisation, early postoperative oral feeding, and avoidance of tubes and drains. „Fast-track”-rehabilitation plans have been published for numerous operative procedures in general-, visceral-, vascular- and thoracic surgery, as well for orthopaedic, urological and gynaecological operations. Until today, „fast-track”-rehabilitation was evaluated most thoroughly in elective colonic surgery. Here, the multimodal regime decreased general morbidity from 20 - 30 % to below 10 %, while postoperative hospital stay was reduced from 10 - 15 to 2 - 5 days. „Fast-track”-rehabilitation for major surgery should be evaluated in randomised, controlled trials.
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Prof. Dr. med. Wolfgang Schwenk
Universitätsklinik für Allgemein-, Visceral-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsmedizin
Charité, Campus Mitte
Schumannstraße 20/21
10117 Berlin
Phone: 030/450522048
Fax: 030/450522912
Email: wolfgang.schwenk@charite.de