Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 33(05): 509-532
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1325161
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Obliterative (Constrictive) Bronchiolitis

Joseph P. Lynch III
1   Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
,
S. Samuel Weigt
1   Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
,
Ariss DerHovanessian
1   Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
,
Michael C. Fishbein
3   Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
,
Antonio Gutierrez
2   Department of Radiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
,
John A. Belperio
1   Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
21 September 2012 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) (formerly termed bronchiolitis obliterans), is a rare fibrotic disorder involving terminal and respiratory bronchioles. The term constrictive bronchiolitis is synonymous with OB. Clinically, OB is characterized by progressive (often fatal) airflow obstruction, the absence of parenchymal infiltrates on chest radiographs, a mosaic pattern of perfusion on high-resolution computed tomographic scan, poor responsiveness to therapy, and high mortality rates. Most cases of OB occur in the context of a specific risk factor. Currently, most cases of OB occur in lung transplant recipients with chronic allograft rejection or hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with graft versus host disease (GVHD). Other causes of OB include connective tissue disease (CTD) (particularly rheumatoid arthritis); lower respiratory tract infections; inhalation injury; exposure or inhalation of toxic fumes, metals, dusts, particulate matter, or pollutants; occupational exposures; drug reactions; consumption of uncooked leaves of Sauropus androgynus; chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia; diffuse neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia; miscellaneous. When no cause is identified, the term cryptogenic obliterative bronchiolitis is used. This review discusses the salient clinical, radiographic, and histological features of OB and presents a management approach.

Keywords

bronchiolitis obliterans - obliterative bronchiolitis - constrictive bronchiolitis - bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome - chronic lung allograft rejection - hematopoietic stem cell transplant
 

  • References

  • 1 Ryu JH. Classification and approach to bronchiolar diseases. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2006; 12 (2) 145-151
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Ryu JH, Myers JL, Swensen SJ. Bronchiolar disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168 (11) 1277-1292
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Wright JL, Cagle P, Churg A, Colby TV, Myers J. Diseases of the small airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146 (1) 240-262
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Poletti V, Costabel U. Bronchiolar disorders: classification and diagnostic approach. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (5) 457-464
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Poletti V, Casoni G, Zompatori M, Carolini A, Chilosi M. Obliterative bronchiolitis: classification, causes, and overview. In: Lynch III JP, , ed. Interstitial Pulmonary and Bronchiolar Disorders. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA; 2008. 227. 525-542
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 6 Poletti V, Casoni G, Zompatori M, Chilosi M. Bronchiolitis. In: Costabel U, du Bois RM, Egan JJ, , eds. Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease. Prog Respir Res. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 2007. 36. 292-306
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Garg K, Lynch DA, Newell JD, King Jr TE. Proliferative and constrictive bronchiolitis: classification and radiologic features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162 (4) 803-808
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Ezri T, Kunichezky S, Eliraz A, Soroker D, Halperin D, Schattner A. Bronchiolitis obliterans—current concepts. Q J Med 1994; 87 (1) 1-10
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Belperio JA, Lake K, Tazelaar H, Keane MP, Strieter RM, Lynch III JP. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome complicating lung or heart-lung transplantation. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (5) 499-530
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Lynch III JP, Saggar R, Suh RD, Fishbein MC. Bronchiolar disorders. In: Baughman RP, Carbone RG, Bottino G, , eds. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Clinical Guide. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2009: 111-138
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Alasaly K, Muller N, Ostrow DN, Champion P, FitzGerald JM. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: a report of 25 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995; 74 (4) 201-211
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Cordier JF. Organising pneumonia. Thorax 2000; 55 (4) 318-328
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Schlesinger C, Koss MN. The organizing pneumonias: an update and review. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2005; 11 (5) 422-430
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Belperio JA, Weigt SS, Fishbein MC, Lynch III JP. Chronic lung allograft rejection: mechanisms and therapy. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6 (1) 108-121
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Weigt SS, Wallace WD, Derhovanessian A , et al. Chronic allograft rejection: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 31 (2) 189-207
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Scott AI, Sharples LD, Stewart S. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: risk factors and therapeutic strategies. Drugs 2005; 65 (6) 761-771
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Knoop C, Estenne M. Acute and chronic rejection after lung transplantation. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 27 (5) 521-533
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Chien JW, Martin PJ, Gooley TA , et al. Airflow obstruction after myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168 (2) 208-214
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Kotloff RM, Ahya VN, Crawford SW. Pulmonary complications of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170 (1) 22-48
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Khalid M, Al Saghir A, Saleemi S , et al. Azithromycin in bronchiolitis obliterans complicating bone marrow transplantation: a preliminary study. Eur Respir J 2005; 25 (3) 490-493
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Gunn ML, Godwin JD, Kanne JP, Flowers ME, Chien JW. High-resolution CT findings of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Thorac Imaging 2008; 23 (4) 244-250
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Filipovich AH, Weisdorf D, Pavletic S , et al. National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: I. Diagnosis and staging working group report. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11 (12) 945-956
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Afessa B, Litzow MR, Tefferi A. Bronchiolitis obliterans and other late onset non-infectious pulmonary complications in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28 (5) 425-434
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Afessa B, Peters SG. Major complications following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 27 (3) 297-309
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 White ES, Tazelaar HD, Lynch III JP. Bronchiolar complications of connective tissue diseases. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (5) 543-566
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Schwarz MI, Lynch DA, Tuder R. Bronchiolitis obliterans: the lone manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis?. Eur Respir J 1994; 7 (4) 817-820
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 King Jr TE. Miscellaneous causes of bronchiolitis: inhalational, infectious, drug-induced, and idiopathic. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (5) 567-576
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Fischer GB, Sarria EE, Mattiello R, Mocelin HT, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Post infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 2010; 11 (4) 233-239
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Boswell RT, McCunney RJ. Bronchiolitis obliterans from exposure to incinerator fly ash. J Occup Environ Med 1995; 37 (7) 850-855
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Mann JM, Sha KK, Kline G, Breuer FU, Miller A. World Trade Center dyspnea: bronchiolitis obliterans with functional improvement: a case report. Am J Ind Med 2005; 48 (3) 225-229
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Churg A, Wright JL. Bronchiolitis caused by occupational and ambient atmospheric particles. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (5) 577-584
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Couture C, Colby TV. Histopathology of bronchiolar disorders. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (5) 489-498
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Kanwal R. Bronchiolitis obliterans in workers exposed to flavoring chemicals. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2008; 14 (2) 141-146
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 van Rooy FG, Rooyackers JM, Prokop M, Houba R, Smit LA, Heederik DJ. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in chemical workers producing diacetyl for food flavorings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176 (5) 498-504
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Kreiss K, Gomaa A, Kullman G, Fedan K, Simoes EJ, Enright PL. Clinical bronchiolitis obliterans in workers at a microwave-popcorn plant. N Engl J Med 2002; 347 (5) 330-338
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Akpinar-Elci M, Travis WD, Lynch DA, Kreiss K. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in popcorn production plant workers. Eur Respir J 2004; 24 (2) 298-302
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Adler BD, Padley SP, Müller NL, Remy-Jardin M, Remy J. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: high-resolution CT and radiographic features in 16 patients. Radiology 1992; 185 (1) 91-95
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Hernández JI, Gómez-Román J, Rodrigo E , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans and IgA nephropathy: a new cause of pulmonary-renal syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156 (2 Pt 1) 665-668
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Ito M, Nakagawa A, Hirabayashi N, Asai J. Bronchiolitis obliterans in ataxia-telangiectasia. Virchows Arch 1997; 430 (2) 131-137
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Parto K, Svedström E, Majurin ML, Härkönen R, Simell O. Pulmonary manifestations in lysinuric protein intolerance. Chest 1993; 104 (4) 1176-1182
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Chang H, Wang JS, Tseng HH, Lai RS, Su JM. Histopathological study of Sauropus androgynus-associated constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans: a new cause of constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans. Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21 (1) 35-42
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Mahajan L, Kay M, Wyllie R, Steffen R, Goldfarb J. Ulcerative colitis presenting with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in a pediatric patient. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92 (11) 2123-2124
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Mahadeva R, Walsh G, Flower CD, Shneerson JM. Clinical and radiological characteristics of lung disease in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur Respir J 2000; 15 (1) 41-48
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Schlesinger C, Meyer CA, Veeraraghavan S, Koss MN. Constrictive (obliterative) bronchiolitis: diagnosis, etiology, and a critical review of the literature. Ann Diagn Pathol 1998; 2 (5) 321-334
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 D'Ovidio F, Mura M, Tsang M , et al. Bile acid aspiration and the development of bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 129 (5) 1144-1152
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Lee JS, Brown KK, Cool C, Lynch DA. Diffuse pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: radiologic and clinical features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002; 26 (2) 180-184
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Aguayo SM, Miller YE, Waldron Jr JA , et al. Brief report: idiopathic diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and airways disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 327 (18) 1285-1288
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Kraft M, Mortenson RL, Colby TV, Newman L, Waldron Jr JA, King Jr TE. Cryptogenic constrictive bronchiolitis. A clinicopathologic study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148 (4 Pt 1) 1093-1101
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Turton CW, Williams G, Green M. Cryptogenic obliterative bronchiolitis in adults. Thorax 1981; 36 (11) 805-810
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Epler GR, Colby TV, McLoud TC, Carrington CB, Gaensler EA. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1985; 312 (3) 152-158
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Kelly K, Hertz MI. Obliterative bronchiolitis. Clin Chest Med 1997; 18 (2) 319-338
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Katzenstein AL, Myers JL, Prophet WD, Corley III LS, Shin MS. Bronchiolitis obliterans and usual interstitial pneumonia: a comparative clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10 (6) 373-381
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Geddes DM, Corrin B, Brewerton DA, Davies RJ, Turner-Warwick M. Progressive airway obliteration in adults and its association with rheumatoid disease. Q J Med 1977; 46 (184) 427-444
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Epler GR. Bronchiolar disorders with airflow obstruction. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1996; 2 (2) 134-140
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Butland RJ, Cole P, Citron KM, Turner-Warwick M. Chronic bronchial suppuration and inflammatory bowel disease. Q J Med 1981; 50 (197) 63-75
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Shadick NA, Fanta CH, Weinblatt ME, O'Donnell W, Coblyn JS. Bronchiectasis: a late feature of severe rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1994; 73 (3) 161-170
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Costabel U. BAL characteristics of the bronchiolar diseases. In: Epler GR, , ed. Diseases of the Bronchioles. New York: Raven Press; 1994: 59-76
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 58 Kindt GC, Weiland JE, Davis WB, Gadek JE, Dorinsky PM. Bronchiolitis in adults: a reversible cause of airway obstruction associated with airway neutrophils and neutrophil products. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140 (2) 483-492
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 DiGiovine B, Lynch III JP, Martinez FJ , et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia is associated with obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation: role of IL-8. J Immunol 1996; 157 (9) 4194-4202
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Hansell DM, Rubens MB, Padley SP, Wells AU. Obliterative bronchiolitis: individual CT signs of small airways disease and functional correlation. Radiology 1997; 203 (3) 721-726
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 King Jr TE. Bronchiolitis. In: Fishman, ed. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 1997: 825-847
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 62 Padley SP, Adler BD, Hansell DM, Müller NL. Bronchiolitis obliterans: high resolution CT findings and correlation with pulmonary function tests. Clin Radiol 1993; 47 (4) 236-240
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Perez T, Remy-Jardin M, Cortet B. Airways involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical, functional, and HRCT findings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157 (5 Pt 1) 1658-1665
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Aquino SL, Webb WR, Golden J. Bronchiolitis obliterans associated with rheumatoid arthritis: findings on HRCT and dynamic expiratory CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1994; 18 (4) 555-558
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Verschakelen JA. Imaging of the small airways. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (5) 473-488
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Pipavath SJ, Lynch DA, Cool C, Brown KK, Newell JD. Radiologic and pathologic features of bronchiolitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185 (2) 354-363
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Müller NL, Miller RR. Diseases of the bronchioles: CT and histopathologic findings. Radiology 1995; 196 (1) 3-12
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Hansell DM. HRCT of obliterative bronchiolitis and other small airways diseases. Semin Roentgenol 2001; 36 (1) 51-65
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Lee ES, Gotway MB, Reddy GP, Golden JA, Keith FM, Webb WR. Early bronchiolitis obliterans following lung transplantation: accuracy of expiratory thin-section CT for diagnosis. Radiology 2000; 216 (2) 472-477
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Lynch III JP, Belperio JA, Flint A, Martinez FJ. Bronchiolar complications of connective tissue disorders. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 20: 149-168
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Epler GR, Colby TV. The spectrum of bronchiolitis obliterans. Chest 1983; 83 (2) 161-162
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Halpin DMG, Geddes DM. Rheumatoid arthritis and connective-tissue disease related bronchiolitis obliterans. In: Epler GR, , ed. Diseases of the Bronchioles. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1994: 231-240
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 73 Lynch III JP, McCune WJ. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic pharmacotherapy for pulmonary disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155 (2) 395-420
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Gerhardt SG, McDyer JF, Girgis RE, Conte JV, Yang SC, Orens JB. Maintenance azithromycin therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: results of a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168 (1) 121-125
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Yates B, Murphy DM, Forrest IA , et al. Azithromycin reverses airflow obstruction in established bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172 (6) 772-775
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Verleden GM, Dupont LJ. Azithromycin therapy for patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2004; 77 (9) 1465-1467
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Shitrit D, Bendayan D, Gidon S, Saute M, Bakal I, Kramer MR. Long-term azithromycin use for treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24 (9) 1440-1443
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Vos R, Vanaudenaerde BM, Ottevaere A , et al. Long-term azithromycin therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: divide and conquer?. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29 (12) 1358-1368
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Friedlander AL, Albert RK. Chronic macrolide therapy in inflammatory airways diseases. Chest 2010; 138 (5) 1202-1212
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Pigula FA, Griffith BP, Zenati MA, Dauber JH, Yousem SA, Keenan RJ. Lung transplantation for respiratory failure resulting from systemic disease. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64 (6) 1630-1634
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Redel-Montero J, Bujalance-Cabrera C, Vaquero-Barrios JM , et al. Lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (8) 3023-3025
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Novick RJ, Stitt LW, Al-Kattan K , et al. Pulmonary retransplantation: predictors of graft function and survival in 230 patients. Pulmonary Retransplant Registry. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65 (1) 227-234
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Lai RS, Wang JS, Wu MT, Hsu HK. Lung transplantation in bronchiolitis obliterans associated with vegetable consumption. Lancet 1998; 352 (9122) 117-118
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Oonakahara K, Matsuyama W, Higashimoto I , et al. Outbreak of Bronchiolitis obliterans associated with consumption of Sauropus androgynus in Japan—alert of food-associated pulmonary disorders from Japan. Respiration 2005; 72 (2) 221
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Hertz MI, Aurora P, Christie JD , et al. Scientific Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: introduction to the 2009 Annual Reports. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28 (10) 989-992
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY , et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty-eighth Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Report—2011. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30 (10) 1104-1122
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Verleden GM, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DE. Is it bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome or is it chronic rejection: a reappraisal?. Eur Respir J 2005; 25 (2) 221-224
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Saggar R, Ross DJ, Saggar R , et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung transplantation obliterative bronchiolitis and vascular remodeling of the allograft. Am J Transplant 2008; 8 (9) 1921-1930
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wallwork J. Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans: a systematic review of recent publications. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21 (2) 271-281
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Girgis RE, Tu I, Berry GJ , et al. Risk factors for the development of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15 (12) 1200-1208
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Heng D, Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wreghitt T, Wallwork J. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: incidence, natural history, prognosis, and risk factors. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998; 17 (12) 1255-1263
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Husain AN, Siddiqui MT, Holmes EW , et al. Analysis of risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159 (3) 829-833
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Glanville AR. The role of bronchoscopic surveillance monitoring in the care of lung transplant recipients. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 27 (5) 480-491
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Khalifah AP, Hachem RR, Chakinala MM , et al. Minimal acute rejection after lung transplantation: a risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (8) 2022-2030
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Hachem RR, Khalifah AP, Chakinala MM , et al. The significance of a single episode of minimal acute rejection after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2005; 80 (10) 1406-1413
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Hopkins PM, Aboyoun CL, Chhajed PN , et al. Association of minimal rejection in lung transplant recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170 (9) 1022-1026
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Stewart S, Fishbein MC, Snell GI , et al. Revision of the 1996 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of lung rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26 (12) 1229-1242
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Yousem SA, Berry GJ, Cagle PT , et al. Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the classification of pulmonary allograft rejection: Lung Rejection Study Group. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15 (1 Pt 1) 1-15
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Tazelaar HD, Prop J, Nieuwenhuis P, Billingham ME, Wildevuur CR. Airway pathology in the transplanted rat lung. Transplantation 1988; 45 (5) 864-869
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Estenne M, Hertz MI. Bronchiolitis obliterans after human lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166 (4) 440-444
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 101 Glanville AR, Aboyoun CL, Havryk A, Plit M, Rainer S, Malouf MA. Severity of lymphocytic bronchiolitis predicts long-term outcome after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177 (9) 1033-1040
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 102 Burton CM, Iversen M, Scheike T, Carlsen J, Andersen CB. Is lymphocytic bronchiolitis a marker of acute rejection? An analysis of 2,697 transbronchial biopsies after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27 (10) 1128-1134
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 103 Sundaresan S, Mohanakumar T, Smith MA , et al. HLA-A locus mismatches and development of antibodies to HLA after lung transplantation correlate with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 1998; 65 (5) 648-653
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 104 Chalermskulrat W, Neuringer IP, Schmitz JL , et al. Human leukocyte antigen mismatches predispose to the severity of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Chest 2003; 123 (6) 1825-1831
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 105 Keogh A, Kaan A, Doran T, Macdonald P, Bryant D, Spratt P. HLA mismatching and outcome in heart, heart-lung, and single lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995; 14 (3) 444-451
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 106 Wisser W, Wekerle T, Zlabinger G , et al. Influence of human leukocyte antigen matching on long-term outcome after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15 (12) 1209-1216
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 107 Kroshus TJ, Kshettry VR, Savik K, John R, Hertz MI, Bolman III RM. Risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114 (2) 195-202
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 108 Quantz MA, Bennett LE, Meyer DM, Novick RJ. Does human leukocyte antigen matching influence the outcome of lung transplantation? An analysis of 3,549 lung transplantations. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000; 19 (5) 473-479
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 109 Stanford RE, Ahmed S, Hodson M, Banner NR, Rose ML. A role for indirect allorecognition in lung transplant recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Transplant 2003; 3 (6) 736-742
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 110 Duncan SR, Leonard C, Theodore J , et al. Oligoclonal CD4(+) T cell expansions in lung transplant recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165 (10) 1439-1444
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 111 Palmer SM, Davis RD, Hadjiliadis D , et al. Development of an antibody specific to major histocompatibility antigens detectable by flow cytometry after lung transplant is associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2002; 74 (6) 799-804
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 112 Jaramillo A, Smith CR, Maruyama T, Zhang L, Patterson GA, Mohanakumar T. Anti-HLA class I antibody binding to airway epithelial cells induces production of fibrogenic growth factors and apoptotic cell death: a possible mechanism for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Hum Immunol 2003; 64 (5) 521-529
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 113 Maruyama T, Jaramillo A, Narayanan K, Higuchi T, Mohanakumar T. Induction of obliterative airway disease by anti-HLA class I antibodies. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (9) 2126-2134
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 114 Hachem RR, Yusen RD, Meyers BF , et al. Anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies and preemptive antibody-directed therapy after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29 (9) 973-980
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 115 Daud SA, Yusen RD, Meyers BF , et al. Impact of immediate primary lung allograft dysfunction on bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175 (5) 507-513
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 116 Christie JD, Kotloff RM, Ahya VN , et al. The effect of primary graft dysfunction on survival after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (11) 1312-1316
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 117 Ruttmann E, Geltner C, Bucher B , et al. Combined CMV prophylaxis improves outcome and reduces the risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2006; 81 (10) 1415-1420
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 118 Chmiel C, Speich R, Hofer M , et al. Ganciclovir/valganciclovir prophylaxis decreases cytomegalovirus-related events and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 (6) 831-839
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 119 Paraskeva M, Bailey M, Levvey BJ , et al. Cytomegalovirus replication within the lung allograft is associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2011; 11 (10) 2190-2196
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 120 Snyder LD, Finlen-Copeland CA, Turbyfill WJ, Howell D, Willner DA, Palmer SM. Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis is a risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181 (12) 1391-1396
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 121 Weigt SS, Elashoff RM, Keane MP , et al. Altered levels of CC chemokines during pulmonary CMV predict BOS and mortality post-lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8 (7) 1512-1522
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 122 Khalifah AP, Hachem RR, Chakinala MM , et al. Respiratory viral infections are a distinct risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and death. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170 (2) 181-187
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 123 Kumar D, Erdman D, Keshavjee S , et al. Clinical impact of community-acquired respiratory viruses on bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplant. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (8) 2031-2036
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 124 Vilchez RA, Dauber J, McCurry K, Iacono A, Kusne S. Parainfluenza virus infection in adult lung transplant recipients: an emergent clinical syndrome with implications on allograft function. Am J Transplant 2003; 3 (2) 116-120
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 125 Gerna G, Vitulo P, Rovida F , et al. Impact of human metapneumovirus and human cytomegalovirus versus other respiratory viruses on the lower respiratory tract infections of lung transplant recipients. J Med Virol 2006; 78 (3) 408-416
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 126 Botha P, Archer L, Anderson RL , et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of the allograft after lung transplantation and the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2008; 85 (5) 771-774
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 127 Vos R, Vanaudenaerde BM, Geudens N, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DE, Verleden GM. Pseudomonal airway colonisation: risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation?. Eur Respir J 2008; 31 (5) 1037-1045
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 128 Weigt SS, Elashoff RM, Huang C , et al. Aspergillus colonization of the lung allograft is a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (8) 1903-1911
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 129 Palmer SM, Miralles AP, Howell DN, Brazer SR, Tapson VF, Davis RD. Gastroesophageal reflux as a reversible cause of allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Chest 2000; 118 (4) 1214-1217
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 130 Cantu III E, Appel III JZ, Hartwig MG , et al. J. Maxwell Chamberlain Memorial Paper. Early fundoplication prevents chronic allograft dysfunction in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78 (4) 1142-1151 , discussion 1142–1151
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 131 Blondeau K, Mertens V, Vanaudenaerde BA , et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric aspiration in lung transplant patients with or without chronic rejection. Eur Respir J 2008; 31 (4) 707-713
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 132 Hadjiliadis D, Duane Davis R, Steele MP , et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in lung transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2003; 17 (4) 363-368
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 133 Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Wain JC, Mark EJ. Lung transplantation biopsy specimens with bronchiolitis obliterans or bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia due to aspiration. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005; 129 (2) 223-226
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 134 Palmer SM, Burch LH, Davis RD , et al. The role of innate immunity in acute allograft rejection after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168 (6) 628-632
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 135 Palmer SM, Burch LH, Trindade AJ , et al. Innate immunity influences long-term outcomes after human lung transplant. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (7) 780-785
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 136 Palmer SM, Klimecki W, Yu L , et al. Genetic regulation of rejection and survival following human lung transplantation by the innate immune receptor CD14. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (3) 693-699
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 137 Yoshida S, Haque A, Mizobuchi T , et al. Anti-type V collagen lymphocytes that express IL-17 and IL-23 induce rejection pathology in fresh and well-healed lung transplants. Am J Transplant 2006; 6 (4) 724-735
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 138 Burlingham WJ, Love RB, Jankowska-Gan E , et al. IL-17-dependent cellular immunity to collagen type V predisposes to obliterative bronchiolitis in human lung transplants. J Clin Invest 2007; 117 (11) 3498-3506
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 139 Badri L, Murray S, Liu LX , et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells in bronchoalveolar lavage as predictors of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 (8) 1062-1070
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 140 Lama VN, Smith L, Badri L , et al. Evidence for tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells in human adult lung from studies of transplanted allografts. J Clin Invest 2007; 117 (4) 989-996
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 141 Bröcker V, Länger F, Fellous TG , et al. Fibroblasts of recipient origin contribute to bronchiolitis obliterans in human lung transplants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173 (11) 1276-1282
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 142 Chamberlain D, Maurer J, Chaparro C, Idolor L. Evaluation of transbronchial lung biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994; 13 (6) 963-971
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 143 Hopkins PM, Aboyoun CL, Chhajed PN , et al. Prospective analysis of 1,235 transbronchial lung biopsies in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21 (10) 1062-1067
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 144 Sundaresan S, Trulock EP, Mohanakumar T, Cooper JD, Patterson GA ; Washington University Lung Transplant Group. Prevalence and outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60 (5) 1341-1346 , discussion 1346–1347
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 145 Cooper JD, Billingham M, Egan T , et al; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature and for clinical staging of chronic dysfunction in lung allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993; 12 (5) 713-716
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 146 Estenne M, Maurer JR, Boehler A , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome 2001: an update of the diagnostic criteria. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21 (3) 297-310
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 147 Lama VN, Murray S, Mumford JA , et al. Prognostic value of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome stage 0-p in single-lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172 (3) 379-383
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 148 Hachem RR, Chakinala MM, Yusen RD , et al. The predictive value of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome stage 0-p. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169 (4) 468-472
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 149 Studer SM, Orens JB, Rosas I , et al. Patterns and significance of exhaled-breath biomarkers in lung transplant recipients with acute allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20 (11) 1158-1166
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 150 Van Muylem A, Mélot C, Antoine M, Knoop C, Estenne M. Role of pulmonary function in the detection of allograft dysfunction after heart-lung transplantation. Thorax 1997; 52 (7) 643-647
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 151 Siegel MJ, Bhalla S, Gutierrez FR, Hildebolt C, Sweet S. Post-lung transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: usefulness of expiratory thin-section CT for diagnosis. Radiology 2001; 220 (2) 455-462
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 152 Bankier AA, Van Muylem A, Knoop C, Estenne M, Gevenois PA. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in heart-lung transplant recipients: diagnosis with expiratory CT. Radiology 2001; 218 (2) 533-539
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 153 Reynaud-Gaubert M, Thomas P, Badier M, Cau P, Giudicelli R, Fuentes P. Early detection of airway involvement in obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. Functional and bronchoalveolar lavage cell findings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161 (6) 1924-1929
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 154 Zheng L, Walters EH, Ward C , et al. Airway neutrophilia in stable and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome patients following lung transplantation. Thorax 2000; 55 (1) 53-59
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 155 Slebos DJ, Postma DS, Koëter GH, Van Der Bij W, Boezen M, Kauffman HF. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characteristics in acute and chronic lung transplant rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23 (5) 532-540
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 156 Belperio JA, Keane MP, Burdick MD , et al. Critical role for CXCR3 chemokine biology in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Immunol 2002; 169 (2) 1037-1049
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 157 Belperio JA, Keane MP, Burdick MD , et al. Critical role for the chemokine MCP-1/CCR2 in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Clin Invest 2001; 108 (4) 547-556
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 158 Belperio JA, DiGiovine B, Keane MP , et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a biomarker for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002; 73 (4) 591-599
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 159 Jackson CH, Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wallwork J. Acute and chronic onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS): are they different entities?. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21 (6) 658-666
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 160 Brugière O, Pessione F, Thabut G , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after single-lung transplantation: impact of time to onset on functional pattern and survival. Chest 2002; 121 (6) 1883-1889
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 161 Tamm M, Sharples LD, Higenbottam TW, Stewart S, Wallwork J. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in heart-lung transplantation: surveillance biopsies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155 (5) 1705-1710
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 162 Finlen Copeland CA, Snyder LD, Zaas DW, Turbyfill WJ, Davis WA, Palmer SM. Survival after bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome among bilateral lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182 (6) 784-789
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 163 Lama VN, Murray S, Lonigro RJ , et al. Course of FEV(1) after onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175 (11) 1192-1198
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 164 Vanaudenaerde BM, Meyts I, Vos R , et al. A dichotomy in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation revealed by azithromycin therapy. Eur Respir J 2008; 32 (4) 832-843
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 165 Sato M, Waddell TK, Wagnetz U , et al. Restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS): a novel form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30 (7) 735-742
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 166 Verleden GM, Vos R, Verleden SE , et al. Survival determinants in lung transplant patients with chronic allograft dysfunction. Transplantation 2011; 92 (6) 703-708
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 167 Kesten S, Maidenberg A, Winton T, Maurer J. Treatment of presumed and proven acute rejection following six months of lung transplant survival. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152 (4 Pt 1) 1321-1324
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 168 Dusmet M, Maurer J, Winton T, Kesten S. Methotrexate can halt the progression of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15 (9) 948-954
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 169 Verleden GM, Buyse B, Delcroix M , et al. Cyclophosphamide rescue therapy for chronic rejection after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18 (11) 1139-1142
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 170 Cahill BC, Somerville KT, Crompton JA , et al. Early experience with sirolimus in lung transplant recipients with chronic allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22 (2) 169-176
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 171 Ussetti P, Carreño MC, de Pablo A, Gamez P, Varela A. Rapamycin and chronic lung rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23 (7) 917-918
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 172 Snell GI, Esmore DS, Williams TJ. Cytolytic therapy for the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome complicating lung transplantation. Chest 1996; 109 (4) 874-878
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 173 Kesten S, Rajagopalan N, Maurer J. Cytolytic therapy for the treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome following lung transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 61 (3) 427-430
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 174 Brock MV, Borja MC, Ferber L , et al. Induction therapy in lung transplantation: a prospective, controlled clinical trial comparing OKT3, anti-thymocyte globulin, and daclizumab. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20 (12) 1282-1290
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 175 Garrity Jr ER, Villanueva J, Bhorade SM, Husain AN, Vigneswaran WT. Low rate of acute lung allograft rejection after the use of daclizumab, an interleukin 2 receptor antibody. Transplantation 2001; 71 (6) 773-777
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 176 Reams BD, Musselwhite LW, Zaas DW , et al. Alemtuzumab in the treatment of refractory acute rejection and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after human lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (12) 2802-2808
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 177 Fisher AJ, Rutherford RM, Bozzino J, Parry G, Dark JH, Corris PA. The safety and efficacy of total lymphoid irradiation in progressive bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (3) 537-543
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 178 Salerno CT, Park SJ, Kreykes NS , et al. Adjuvant treatment of refractory lung transplant rejection with extracorporeal photopheresis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 117 (6) 1063-1069
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 179 Gottlieb J, Szangolies J, Koehnlein T, Golpon H, Simon A, Welte T. Long-term azithromycin for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85 (1) 36-41
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 180 Porhownik NR, Batobara W, Kepron W, Unruh HW, Bshouty Z. Effect of maintenance azithromycin on established bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant patients. Can Respir J 2008; 15 (4) 199-202
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 181 Dhillon GS, Valentine VG, Levitt J , et al. Clarithromycin for prevention of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung allograft recipients. Clin Transplant 2012; 26 (1) 105-110
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 182 Hartwig MG, Appel JZ, Davis RD. Antireflux surgery in the setting of lung transplantation: strategies for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease in a high-risk population. Thorac Surg Clin 2005; 15 (3) 417-427
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 183 Young LR, Hadjiliadis D, Davis RD, Palmer SM. Lung transplantation exacerbates gastroesophageal reflux disease. Chest 2003; 124 (5) 1689-1693
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 184 Davis Jr RD, Lau CL, Eubanks S , et al. Improved lung allograft function after fundoplication in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease undergoing lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125 (3) 533-542
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 185 Hartwig MG, Anderson DJ, Onaitis MW , et al. Fundoplication after lung transplantation prevents the allograft dysfunction associated with reflux. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92 (2) 462-468 ; discussion; 468–469
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 186 Brugière O, Thabut G, Castier Y , et al. Lung retransplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: long-term follow-up in a series of 15 recipients. Chest 2003; 123 (6) 1832-1837
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 187 Kawut SM, Lederer DJ, Keshavjee S , et al. Outcomes after lung retransplantation in the modern era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177 (1) 114-120
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 188 Aigner C, Jaksch P, Taghavi S , et al. Pulmonary retransplantation: is it worth the effort? A long-term analysis of 46 cases. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27 (1) 60-65
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 189 Krowka MJ, Rosenow III EC, Hoagland HC. Pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplantation. Chest 1985; 87 (2) 237-246
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 190 Crawford SW, Hackman RC. Clinical course of idiopathic pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147 (6 Pt 1) 1393-1400
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 191 Quabeck K. The lung as a critical organ in marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994; 14 (Suppl. 04) S19-S28
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 192 Yen KT, Lee AS, Krowka MJ, Burger CD. Pulmonary complications in bone marrow transplantation: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25 (1) 189-201
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 193 Sirithanakul K, Salloum A, Klein JL, Soubani AO. Pulmonary complications following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: diagnostic approaches. Am J Hematol 2005; 80 (2) 137-146
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 194 Sharma S, Nadrous HF, Peters SG , et al. Pulmonary complications in adult blood and marrow transplant recipients: autopsy findings. Chest 2005; 128 (3) 1385-1392
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 195 Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Griese M, Madtes DK , et al; American Thoracic Society Committee on Idiopathic Pneumonia Syndrome. An official American Thoracic Society research statement: noninfectious lung injury after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: idiopathic pneumonia syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 (9) 1262-1279
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 196 Au BK, Au MA, Chien JW. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome epidemiology after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17 (7) 1072-1078
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 197 Santo Tomas LH, Loberiza Jr FR, Klein JP , et al. Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for leukemia. Chest 2005; 128 (1) 153-161
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 198 Williams KM, Chien JW, Gladwin MT, Pavletic SZ. Bronchiolitis obliterans after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. JAMA 2009; 302 (3) 306-314
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 199 Nakaseko C, Ozawa S, Sakaida E , et al. Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of bronchiolitis obliterans after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2011; 93 (3) 375-382
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 200 Beschorner WE, Saral R, Hutchins GM, Tutschka PJ, Santos GW. Lymphocytic bronchitis associated with graft-versus-host disease in recipients of bone-marrow transplants. N Engl J Med 1978; 299 (19) 1030-1036
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 201 Roca J, Grañeña A, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Alvarez P, Agusti-Vidal A, Rozman C. Fatal airway disease in an adult with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Thorax 1982; 37 (1) 77-78
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 202 Clark JG, Schwartz DA, Flournoy N, Sullivan KM, Crawford SW, Thomas ED. Risk factors for airflow obstruction in recipients of bone marrow transplants. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107 (5) 648-656
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 203 Yokoi T, Hirabayashi N, Ito M , et al; Nagoya BMT Group. Broncho-bronchiolitis obliterans as a complication of bone marrow transplantation: a clinicopathological study of eight autopsy cases. Virchows Arch 1997; 431 (4) 275-282
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 204 Sánchez J, Torres A, Serrano J , et al. Long-term follow-up of immunosuppressive treatment for obstructive airways disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 20 (5) 403-408
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 205 Palmas A, Tefferi A, Myers JL , et al. Late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 1998; 100 (4) 680-687
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 206 Dudek AZ, Mahaseth H, DeFor TE, Weisdorf DJ. Bronchiolitis obliterans in chronic graft-versus-host disease: analysis of risk factors and treatment outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2003; 9 (10) 657-666
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 207 Ratjen F, Rjabko O, Kremens B. High-dose corticosteroid therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans after bone marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36 (2) 135-138
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 208 Chan CK, Hyland RH, Hutcheon MA , et al. Small-airways disease in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants. An analysis of 11 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1987; 66 (5) 327-340
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 209 Chien JW, Martin PJ, Flowers ME, Nichols WG, Clark JG. Implications of early airflow decline after myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33 (7) 759-764
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 210 Clark JG, Crawford SW, Madtes DK, Sullivan KM. Obstructive lung disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation: clinical presentation and course. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111 (5) 368-376
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 211 Curtis DJ, Smale A, Thien F, Schwarer AP, Szer J. Chronic airflow obstruction in long-term survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 16 (1) 169-173
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 212 Duncan CN, Buonanno MR, Barry EV, Myers K, Peritz D, Lehmann L. Bronchiolitis obliterans following pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 41 (11) 971-975
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 213 Holland HK, Wingard JR, Beschorner WE, Saral R, Santos GW. Bronchiolitis obliterans in bone marrow transplantation and its relationship to chronic graft-v-host disease and low serum IgG. Blood 1988; 72 (2) 621-627
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 214 Marras TK, Chan CK. Obliterative bronchiolitis complicating bone marrow transplantation. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (5) 531-542
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 215 Payne L, Chan CK, Fyles G , et al. Cyclosporine as possible prophylaxis for obstructive airways disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Chest 1993; 104 (1) 114-118
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 216 Philit F, Wiesendanger T, Archimbaud E, Mornex JF, Brune J, Cordier JF. Post-transplant obstructive lung disease (“bronchiolitis obliterans”): a clinical comparative study of bone marrow and lung transplant patients. Eur Respir J 1995; 8 (4) 551-558
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 217 Ringdén O, Remberger M, Ruutu T , et al; Nordic Bone Marrow Transplantation Group. Increased risk of chronic graft-versus-host disease, obstructive bronchiolitis, and alopecia with busulfan versus total body irradiation: long-term results of a randomized trial in allogeneic marrow recipients with leukemia. Blood 1999; 93 (7) 2196-2201
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 218 Sakaida E, Nakaseko C, Harima A , et al. Late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications after allogeneic stem cell transplantation are significantly associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease and with the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Blood 2003; 102 (12) 4236-4242
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 219 Schultz KR, Green GJ, Wensley D , et al. Obstructive lung disease in children after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1994; 84 (9) 3212-3220
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 220 Schwarer AP, Hughes JM, Trotman-Dickenson B, Krausz T, Goldman JM. A chronic pulmonary syndrome associated with graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1992; 54 (6) 1002-1008
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 221 Urbanski SJ, Kossakowska AE, Curtis J , et al. Idiopathic small airways pathology in patients with graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Am J Surg Pathol 1987; 11 (12) 965-971
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 222 Wyatt SE, Nunn P, Hows JM , et al. Airways obstruction associated with graft versus host disease after bone marrow transplantation. Thorax 1984; 39 (12) 887-894
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 223 Yoshihara S, Tateishi U, Ando T , et al. Lower incidence of Bronchiolitis obliterans in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning compared with myeloablative conditioning. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35 (12) 1195-1200
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 224 Forslöw U, Mattsson J, Gustafsson T, Remberger M. Donor lymphocyte infusion may reduce the incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17 (8) 1214-1221
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 225 Endo M, Furukawa H, Aramaki T , et al. Unusual late pulmonary complication in a child after umbilical cord blood transplantation: high-resolution CT-pathologic correlation. J Thorac Imaging 2005; 20 (2) 103-106
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 226 Ohnuma K, Toyoda Y, Ishida Y , et al. Fatal obstructive lung disease after haploidentical sibling cord blood transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 21 (9) 939-941
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 227 Frankovich J, Donaldson SS, Lee Y, Wong RM, Amylon M, Verneris MR. High-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in children with primary refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's disease: atopy predicts idiopathic diffuse lung injury syndromes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2001; 7 (1) 49-57
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 228 Paz HL, Crilley P, Patchefsky A, Schiffman RL, Brodsky I. Bronchiolitis obliterans after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Chest 1992; 101 (3) 775-778
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 229 Afessa B, Abdulai RM, Kremers WK, Hogan WJ, Litzow MR, Peters SG. Risk factors and outcome of pulmonary complications after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Chest 2012; 141 (2) 442-450
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 230 Marras TK, Chan CK, Lipton JH, Messner HA, Szalai JP, Laupacis A. Long-term pulmonary function abnormalities and survival after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33 (5) 509-517
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 231 Prince DS, Wingard JR, Saral R, Santos GW, Wise RA. Longitudinal changes in pulmonary function following bone marrow transplantation. Chest 1989; 96 (2) 301-306
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 232 Chien JW, Maris MB, Sandmaier BM, Maloney DG, Storb RF, Clark JG. Comparison of lung function after myeloablative and 2.  Gy of total body irradiation-based regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11 (4) 288-296
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 233 Versluys AB, Rossen JW, van Ewijk B, Schuurman R, Bierings MB, Boelens JJ. Strong association between respiratory viral infection early after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the development of life-threatening acute and chronic alloimmune lung syndromes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 16 (6) 782-791
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 234 Weigt SS, Gregson AL, Deng JC, Lynch III JP, Belperio JA. Respiratory viral infections in hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 32 (4) 471-493
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 235 Erard V, Chien JW, Kim HW , et al. Airflow decline after myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: the role of community respiratory viruses. J Infect Dis 2006; 193 (12) 1619-1625
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 236 Hildebrandt GC, Granell M, Urbano-Ispizua A , et al. Recipient NOD2/CARD15 variants: a novel independent risk factor for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008; 14 (1) 67-74
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 237 Nakane T, Nakamae H, Kamoi H , et al. Prognostic value of serum surfactant protein D level prior to transplant for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and idiopathic pneumonia syndrome following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 42 (1) 43-49
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 238 Epler GR. Bronchiolitis obliterans and airways obstruction associated with graft-versus-host disease. Clin Chest Med 1988; 9 (4) 551-556
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 239 Au WY, Ho JC, Lie AK , et al. Respiratory ciliary function in bone marrow recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 27 (11) 1147-1151
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 240 Hall CB. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus. N Engl J Med 2001; 344 (25) 1917-1928
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 241 Belperio JA. Paying a toll for acute lung allograft rejection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168 (6) 623-624
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 242 St John RC, Gadek JE, Tutschka PJ, Kapoor N, Dorinsky PM. Analysis of airflow obstruction by bronchoalveolar lavage following bone marrow transplantation. Implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Chest 1990; 98 (3) 600-607
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 243 Hayes-Jordan A, Benaim E, Richardson S , et al. Open lung biopsy in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37 (3) 446-452
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 244 Crawford SW, Clark JG. Bronchiolitis associated with bone marrow transplantation. Clin Chest Med 1993; 14 (4) 741-749
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 245 Patriarca F, Skert C, Sperotto A , et al. Incidence, outcome, and risk factors of late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications after unrelated donor stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33 (7) 751-758
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 246 Wolff D, Reichenberger F, Steiner B , et al. Progressive interstitial fibrosis of the lung in sclerodermoid chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002; 29 (4) 357-360
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 247 Sullivan KM, Storek J, Kopecky KJ , et al. A controlled trial of long-term administration of intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent late infection and chronic graft-vs.-host disease after marrow transplantation: clinical outcome and effect on subsequent immune recovery. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1996; 2 (1) 44-53
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 248 Lam DC, Lam B, Wong MK , et al. Effects of azithromycin in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic SCT—a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 46 (12) 1551-1556
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 249 Or R, Gesundheit B, Resnick I , et al. Sparing effect by montelukast treatment for chronic graft versus host disease: a pilot study. Transplantation 2007; 83 (5) 577-581
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 250 Whitford H, Walters EH, Levvey B , et al. Addition of inhaled corticosteroids to systemic immunosuppression after lung transplantation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Transplantation 2002; 73 (11) 1793-1799
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 251 Zheng L, Walters EH, Wang N , et al. Effect of inhaled fluticasone propionate on BAL TGF-beta(1) and bFGF concentrations in clinically stable lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23 (4) 446-455
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 252 Bashoura L, Gupta S, Jain A , et al. Inhaled corticosteroids stabilize constrictive bronchiolitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 41 (1) 63-67
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 253 Norman BC, Jacobsohn DA, Williams KM , et al. Fluticasone, azithromycin and montelukast therapy in reducing corticosteroid exposure in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT: a case series of eight patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 46 (10) 1369-1373
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 254 Foss FM. Extracorporeal photopheresis in the treatment of graft-vs-host disease. J Cutan Med Surg 2003; 7 (4, Suppl) 13-17
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 255 Foss FM, DiVenuti GM, Chin K , et al. Prospective study of extracorporeal photopheresis in steroid-refractory or steroid-resistant extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease: analysis of response and survival incorporating prognostic factors. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35 (12) 1187-1193
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 256 Dall'Amico R, Rossetti F, Zulian F , et al. Photopheresis in paediatric patients with drug-resistant chronic graft-versus-host disease. Br J Haematol 1997; 97 (4) 848-854
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 257 Couriel DR, Hosing C, Saliba R , et al. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for the treatment of steroid-resistant chronic GVHD. Blood 2006; 107 (8) 3074-3080
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 258 Lucid CE, Savani BN, Engelhardt BG , et al. Extracorporeal photopheresis in patients with refractory bronchiolitis obliterans developing after allo-SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 46 (3) 426-429
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 259 Alcindor T, Gorgun G, Miller KB , et al. Immunomodulatory effects of extracorporeal photochemotherapy in patients with extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2001; 98 (5) 1622-1625
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 260 Oyan B, Koc Y, Emri S, Kansu E. Improvement of chronic pulmonary graft-vs-host disease manifesting as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia following extracorporeal photopheresis. Med Oncol 2006; 23 (1) 125-129
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 261 Couriel D, Hosing C, Saliba R , et al. Extracorporeal photopheresis for acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease: does it work?. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12 (1, Suppl 2) 37-40
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 262 Frangoul H, Koyama T, Domm J. Etanercept for treatment of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2009; 113 (12) 2868-2869 , author reply 2869
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 263 Tun HW, Wallace KH, Grinton SF, Khoor A, Burger CD. Etanercept therapy for late-onset idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005; 37 (10) 4492-4496
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 264 Yanik G, Hellerstedt B, Custer J , et al. Etanercept (Enbrel) administration for idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2002; 8 (7) 395-400
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 265 Fullmer JJ, Fan LL, Dishop MK, Rodgers C, Krance R. Successful treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans in a bone marrow transplant patient with tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade. Pediatrics 2005; 116 (3) 767-770
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 266 Couriel DR, Hicks K, Giralt S, Champlin RE. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition with inflixiMAB in cancer therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Curr Opin Oncol 2000; 12 (6) 582-587
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 267 Majhail NS, Schiffer CA, Weisdorf DJ. Improvement of pulmonary function with imatinib mesylate in bronchiolitis obliterans following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12 (7) 789-791
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 268 Miano M, Cuzzubbo D, Terranova P , et al. Daclizumab as useful treatment in refractory acute GVHD: a paediatric experience. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 43 (5) 423-427
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 269 Shapira MY, Abdul-Hai A, Resnick IB , et al. Alefacept treatment for refractory chronic extensive GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 43 (4) 339-343
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 270 Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Mhaskar AR, Djulbegovic B, Cutler C, Mohty M, Kumar A. Efficacy of rituximab in the setting of steroid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15 (9) 1005-1013
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 271 Lorillon G, Robin M, Meignin V , et al. Rituximab in bronchiolitis obliterans after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Eur Respir J 2011; 38 (2) 470-472
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 272 Mohty M, Marchetti N, El-Cheikh J, Faucher C, Fürst S, Blaise D. Rituximab as salvage therapy for refractory chronic GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 41 (10) 909-911
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 273 Okamoto M, Akioka K, Ushigome H , et al. Ten-year protocol biopsy findings of renal allografts in the calcineurin inhibitor era. Clin Transplant 2006; 20 (Suppl. 15) 16-19
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 274 Ratanatharathorn V, Ayash L, Reynolds C , et al. Treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease with anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2003; 9 (8) 505-511
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 275 Zaja F, Bacigalupo A, Patriarca F , et al; GITMO (Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo). Treatment of refractory chronic GVHD with rituximab: a GITMO study. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 40 (3) 273-277
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 276 Favaloro R, Bertolotti A, Gomez C , et al. Lung transplant at the Favaloro Foundation: a 13-year experience. Transplant Proc 2004; 36 (6) 1689-1691
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 277 Rabitsch W, Deviatko E, Keil F , et al. Successful lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Transplantation 2001; 71 (9) 1341-1343
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 278 Gascoigne A, Corris P. Lung transplants in patients with prior bone marrow transplants. Chest 1994; 105 (1) 327
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 279 Calhoon JH, Levine S, Anzueto A, Bryan CL, Trinkle JK. Lung transplantation in a patient with a prior bone marrow transplant. Chest 1992; 102 (3) 948
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 280 Yam LY, Wong R. Bronchiolitis obliterans and rheumatoid arthritis. Report of a case in a Chinese patient on d-penicillamine and review of the literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1993; 22 (3) 365-368
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 281 Wells AU, du Bois RM. Bronchiolitis in association with connective tissue disorders. Clin Chest Med 1993; 14 (4) 655-666
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 282 Scott TE, Wise RA, Hochberg MC, Wigley FM. HLA-DR4 and pulmonary dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1987; 82 (4) 765-771
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 283 Hayakawa H, Sato A, Imokawa S, Toyoshima M, Chida K, Iwata M. Bronchiolar disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154 (5) 1531-1536
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 284 Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Cortet B, Mauri F, Delcambre B. Lung changes in rheumatoid arthritis: CT findings. Radiology 1994; 193 (2) 375-382
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 285 Penny WJ, Knight RK, Rees AM, Thomas AL, Smith AP. Obliterative bronchiolitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1982; 41 (5) 469-472
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 286 van de Laar MA, Westermann CJ, Wagenaar SS, Dinant HJ. Beneficial effect of intravenous cyclophosphamide and oral prednisone on D-penicillamine-associated bronchiolitis obliterans. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28 (1) 93-97
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 287 Cortot AB, Cottin V, Miossec P, Fauchon E, Thivolet-Béjui F, Cordier JF. Improvement of refractory rheumatoid arthritis-associated constrictive bronchiolitis with etanercept. Respir Med 2005; 99 (4) 511-514
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 288 Fathi M, Lundberg IE, Tornling G. Pulmonary complications of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28 (4) 451-458
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 289 Lakhanpal S, Lie JT, Conn DL, Martin II WJ. Pulmonary disease in polymyositis/dermatomyositis: a clinicopathological analysis of 65 autopsy cases. Ann Rheum Dis 1987; 46 (1) 23-29
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 290 Tazelaar HD, Viggiano RW, Pickersgill J, Colby TV. Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Clinical features and prognosis as correlated with histologic findings. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141 (3) 727-733
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 291 Ikezoe J, Johkoh T, Kohno N, Takeuchi N, Ichikado K, Nakamura H. High-resolution CT findings of lung disease in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Thorac Imaging 1996; 11 (4) 250-259
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 292 Shinohara T, Hidaka T, Matsuki Y , et al. Rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease associated with dermatomyositis responding to intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy. Intern Med 1997; 36 (7) 519-523
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 293 Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, Sahn SA, Stanford RE, Marmorstein BL, Scheinhorn DJ. Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: analysis of six cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976; 55 (1) 89-104
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 294 Hsue YT, Paulus HE, Coulson WF. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in polymyositis. A case report with longterm survival. J Rheumatol 1993; 20 (5) 877-879
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 295 Imasaki T, Yoshii A, Tanaka S, Ogura T, Ishikawa A, Takahashi T. Polymyositis and Sjögren's syndrome associated with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Intern Med 1996; 35 (3) 231-235
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 296 Highland KB, Garin MC, Brown KK. The spectrum of scleroderma lung disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28 (4) 418-429
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 297 Bridges AJ, Hsu KC, Dias-Arias AA, Chechani V. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and scleroderma. J Rheumatol 1992; 19 (7) 1136-1140
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 298 Shimizu Y, Tsukagoshi H, Nemoto T, Honma M, Nojima Y, Mori M. Recurrent bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in a patient with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Rheumatol Int 2002; 22 (5) 216-218
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 299 Davison AG, Heard BE, McAllister WA, Turner-Warwick ME. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. Q J Med 1983; 52 (207) 382-394
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 300 Boehler A, Vogt P, Speich R, Weder W, Russi EW. Bronchiolitis obliterans in a patient with localized scleroderma treated with D-penicillamine. Eur Respir J 1996; 9 (6) 1317-1319
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 301 Hakala M, Pääkkö P, Sutinen S, Huhti E, Koivisto O, Tarkka M. Association of bronchiolitis with connective tissue disorders. Ann Rheum Dis 1986; 45 (8) 656-662
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 302 Yousem SA. The pulmonary pathologic manifestations of the CREST syndrome. Hum Pathol 1990; 21 (5) 467-474
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 303 Memet B, Ginzler EM. Pulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28 (4) 441-450
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 304 Keane MP, Lynch III JP. Pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Thorax 2000; 55 (2) 159-166
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 305 Orens JB, Martinez FJ, Lynch III JP. Pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994; 20 (1) 159-193
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 306 Kinney WW, Angelillo VA. Bronchiolitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest 1982; 82 (5) 646-649
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 307 Otsuka F, Amano T, Hashimoto N , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus with antiphospholipid antibody. Intern Med 1996; 35 (4) 341-344
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 308 Mana F, Mets T, Vincken W, Sennesael J, Vanwaeyenbergh J, Goossens A. The association of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Hunner's cystitis. Chest 1993; 104 (2) 642-644
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 309 Matthay RA, Schwarz MI, Petty TL , et al. Pulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: review of twelve cases of acute lupus pneumonitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1975; 54 (5) 397-409
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 310 Guerry-Force ML, Müller NL, Wright JL , et al. A comparison of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, usual interstitial pneumonia, and small airways disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135 (3) 705-712
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 311 Nadorra RL, Landing BH. Pulmonary lesions in childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of 26 cases, and summary of literature. Pediatr Pathol 1987; 7 (1) 1-18
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 312 Gammon RB, Bridges TA, al-Nezir H, Alexander CB, Kennedy Jr JI. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest 1992; 102 (4) 1171-1174
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 313 Weber F, Prior C, Kowald E, Schmuth M, Sepp N. Cyclophosphamide therapy is effective for bronchiolitis obliterans occurring as a late manifestation of lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143 (2) 453-455
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 314 Sullivan WD, Hurst DJ, Harmon CE , et al. A prospective evaluation emphasizing pulmonary involvement in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 1984; 63 (2) 92-107
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 315 Lázaro MA, Maldonado Cocco JA, Catoggio LJ, Babini SM, Messina OD, García Morteo O. Clinical and serologic characteristics of patients with overlap syndrome: is mixed connective tissue disease a distinct clinical entity?. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989; 68 (1) 58-65
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 316 Prakash UB. Respiratory complications in mixed connective tissue disease. Clin Chest Med 1998; 19 (4) 733-746 , ix
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 317 Sharp GC, Irvin WS, Tan EM, Gould RG, Holman HR. Mixed connective tissue disease—an apparently distinct rheumatic disease syndrome associated with a specific antibody to an extractable nuclear antigen (ENA). Am J Med 1972; 52 (2) 148-159
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 318 Ito I, Nagai S, Kitaichi M , et al. Pulmonary manifestations of primary Sjogren's syndrome: a clinical, radiologic, and pathologic study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (6) 632-638
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 319 Papiris SA, Tsonis IA, Moutsopoulos HM. Sjögren's Syndrome. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28 (4) 459-471
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 320 Lahdensuo A, Korpela M. Pulmonary findings in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Chest 1995; 108 (2) 316-319
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 321 Hatron PY, Wallaert B, Gosset D , et al. Subclinical lung inflammation in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage cellular analysis findings and characteristics of the disease. Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30 (11) 1226-1231
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 322 Uffmann M, Kiener HP, Bankier AA, Baldt MM, Zontsich T, Herold CJ. Lung manifestation in asymptomatic patients with primary Sjögren syndrome: assessment with high resolution CT and pulmonary function tests. J Thorac Imaging 2001; 16 (4) 282-289
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 323 Kelly C, Gardiner P, Pal B, Griffiths I. Lung function in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a cross sectional and longitudinal study. Thorax 1991; 46 (3) 180-183
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 324 Deheinzelin D, Capelozzi VL, Kairalla RA, Barbas Filho JV, Saldiva PH, de Carvalho CR. Interstitial lung disease in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clinical-pathological evaluation and response to treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154 (3 Pt 1) 794-799
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 325 Parambil JG, Myers JL, Lindell RM, Matteson EL, Ryu JH. Interstitial lung disease in primary Sjögren syndrome. Chest 2006; 130 (5) 1489-1495
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 326 Hubscher O, Re R, Iotti R. Cystic lung disease in Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 2002; 29 (10) 2235-2236
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 327 Kobayashi H, Matsuoka R, Kitamura S, Tsunoda N, Saito K. Sjögren's syndrome with multiple bullae and pulmonary nodular amyloidosis. Chest 1988; 94 (2) 438-440
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 328 Lynch III JP, Orens JB, Kazerooni EA. Collagen vascular diseases. In: Sperber M, , ed. Diffuse Lung Diseases. London: Springer-Verlag; 1998: 325-356
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 329 Martinez FJ, Lynch III JP. Collagen vascular disease-associated bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. In: Epler GR, , ed. Diseases of the Bronchioles. New York: Raven Press; 1994: 347-366
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 330 Papiris SA, Maniati M, Constantopoulos SH, Roussos C, Moutsopoulos HM, Skopouli FN. Lung involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome is mainly related to the small airway disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58 (1) 61-64
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 331 Cha SI, Fessler MB, Cool CD, Schwarz MI, Brown KK. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: clinical features, associations and prognosis. Eur Respir J 2006; 28 (2) 364-369
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 332 Papiris SA, Kalomenidis I, Malagari K , et al. Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the lung in Sjögren's syndrome patients: reappraisal of clinical, radiological, and pathology findings. Respir Med 2007; 101 (1) 84-92
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 333 Theander E, Henriksson G, Ljungberg O, Mandl T, Manthorpe R, Jacobsson LT. Lymphoma and other malignancies in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a cohort study on cancer incidence and lymphoma predictors. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65 (6) 796-803
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 334 Nakamura N, Yamada G, Itoh T , et al. Pulmonary MALT lymphoma with amyloid production in a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Intern Med 2002; 41 (4) 309-311
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 335 Hansen LA, Prakash UB, Colby TV. Pulmonary lymphoma in Sjögren's syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1989; 64 (8) 920-931
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 336 Usui Y, Kimula Y, Miura H , et al. A case of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome who died of superimposed diffuse alveolar damage. Respiration 1992; 59 (2) 122-124
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 337 Hayashi R, Yamashita N, Sugiyama E , et al. A case of primary Sjögren's syndrome with interstitial pneumonia showing bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia pattern and lymphofollicular formation [in Japanese]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2000; 38 (11) 880-884
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 338 Yoshida K, Mouri T, Kuroda S , et al. A case of Sjögren syndrome associated with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia [in Japanese]. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2001; 90 (2) 329-331
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 339 Matteson EL, Ike RW. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 1990; 17 (5) 676-679
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 340 Camus P, Piard F, Ashcroft T, Gal AA, Colby TV. The lung in inflammatory bowel disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993; 72 (3) 151-183
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 341 Rickli H, Fretz C, Hoffman M, Walser A, Knoblauch A. Severe inflammatory upper airway stenosis in ulcerative colitis. Eur Respir J 1994; 7 (10) 1899-1902
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 342 Rankin GB. Extraintestinal and systemic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Med Clin North Am 1990; 74 (1) 39-50
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 343 Tzanakis N, Samiou M, Bouros D, Mouzas J, Kouroumalis E, Siafakas NM. Small airways function in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157 (2) 382-386
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 344 Tzanakis N, Bouros D, Samiou M , et al. Lung function in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Respir Med 1998; 92 (3) 516-522
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 345 Ben-Noun L. Drug-induced respiratory disorders: incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf 2000; 23 (2) 143-164
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 346 Lyle WH. D-Penicillamine and fatal obliterative bronchiolitis. BMJ 1977; 1 (6053) 105
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 347 Jordan A, Cowan RE. Reversible pulmonary disease and eosinophilia associated with sulphasalazine. J R Soc Med 1988; 81 (4) 233-235
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 348 Williams T, Eidus L, Thomas P. Fibrosing alveolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and sulfasalazine therapy. Chest 1982; 81 (6) 766-768
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 349 Patel RC, Dutta D, Schonfeld SA. Free-base cocaine use associated with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107 (2) 186-187
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 350 McCarroll KA, Roszler MH. Lung disorders due to drug abuse. J Thorac Imaging 1991; 6 (1) 30-35
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 351 Ettinger NA, Albin RJ. A review of the respiratory effects of smoking cocaine. Am J Med 1989; 87 (6) 664-668
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 352 Chiu CY, Wong KS, Huang YC, Lin TY. Bronchiolitis obliterans in children: clinical presentation, therapy and long-term follow-up. J Paediatr Child Health 2008; 44 (3) 129-133
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 353 Colom AJ, Teper AM. Clinical prediction rule to diagnose post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44 (11) 1065-1069
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 354 Mattiello R, Sarria EE, Mallol J , et al. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans: can CT scan findings at early age anticipate lung function?. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45 (4) 315-319
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 355 Ghanei M, Moqadam FA, Mohammad MM, Aslani J. Tracheobronchomalacia and air trapping after mustard gas exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173 (3) 304-309
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 356 Kern DG, Kuhn III C, Ely EW , et al. Flock worker's lung: broadening the spectrum of clinicopathology, narrowing the spectrum of suspected etiologies. Chest 2000; 117 (1) 251-259
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 357 Kern DG, Crausman RS, Durand KT, Nayer A, Kuhn III C. Flock worker's lung: chronic interstitial lung disease in the nylon flocking industry. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129 (4) 261-272
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 358 Eschenbacher WL, Kreiss K, Lougheed MD, Pransky GS, Day B, Castellan RM. Nylon flock-associated interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159 (6) 2003-2008
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 359 From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fixed obstructive lung disease in workers at a microwave popcorn factory—Missouri, 2000-2002. JAMA 2002; 287 (22) 2939-2940
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 360 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Fixed obstructive lung disease among workers in the flavor-manufacturing industry—California, 2004-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007; 56 (16) 389-393
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 361 Kanwal R, Kullman G, Piacitelli C , et al. Evaluation of flavorings-related lung disease risk at six microwave popcorn plants. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48 (2) 149-157
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 362 Kim TJ, Materna BL, Prudhomme JC , et al. Industry-wide medical surveillance of California flavor manufacturing workers: Cross-sectional results. Am J Ind Med 2010; 53 (9) 857-865
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 363 Lockey JE, Hilbert TJ, Levin LP , et al. Airway obstruction related to diacetyl exposure at microwave popcorn production facilities. Eur Respir J 2009; 34 (1) 63-71
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 364 Kreiss K, Fedan KB, Nasrullah M , et al. Longitudinal lung function declines among California flavoring manufacturing workers. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55 (8) 657-668
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 365 Harber P, Saechao K, Boomus C. Diacetyl-induced lung disease. Toxicol Rev 2006; 25 (4) 261-272
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 366 Hubbs AF, Battelli LA, Goldsmith WT , et al. Necrosis of nasal and airway epithelium in rats inhaling vapors of artificial butter flavoring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 185 (2) 128-135
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 367 Hubbs AF, Goldsmith WT, Kashon ML , et al. Respiratory toxicologic pathology of inhaled diacetyl in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36 (2) 330-344
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 368 Larsen ST, Alarie Y, Hammer M, Nielsen GD. Acute airway effects of diacetyl in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21 (13) 1123-1128
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 369 Morgan DL, Flake GP, Kirby PJ, Palmer SM. Respiratory toxicity of diacetyl in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103 (1) 169-180
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 370 Palmer SM, Flake GP, Kelly FL , et al. Severe airway epithelial injury, aberrant repair and bronchiolitis obliterans develops after diacetyl instillation in rats. PLoS ONE 2011; 6 (3) e17644
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 371 Akpinar-Elci M, Stemple KJ, Elci OC, Dweik RA, Kreiss K, Enright PL. Exhaled nitric oxide measurement in workers in a microwave popcorn production plant. Int J Occup Environ Health 2006; 12 (2) 106-110
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 372 Akpinar-Elci M, Stemple KJ, Enright PL , et al. Induced sputum evaluation in microwave popcorn production workers. Chest 2005; 128 (2) 991-997
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 373 Mathews JM, Watson SL, Snyder RW, Burgess JP, Morgan DL. Reaction of the butter flavorant diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) with N-α-acetylarginine: a model for epitope formation with pulmonary proteins in the etiology of obliterative bronchiolitis. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58 (24) 12761-12768
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 374 Kovacic P, Cooksy AL. Electron transfer as a potential cause of diacetyl toxicity in popcorn lung disease. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 204: 133-148
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 375 Boag AH, Colby TV, Fraire AE , et al. The pathology of interstitial lung disease in nylon flock workers. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23 (12) 1539-1545
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 376 Weiland DA, Lynch DA, Jensen SP , et al. Thin-section CT findings in flock worker's lung, a work-related interstitial lung disease. Radiology 2003; 227 (1) 222-231
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 377 Prezant D. S L, TK A. Pulmonary and airway complications related to September 11th. In: Lynch III JP, , ed. Interstitial Pulmonary and Bronchiolar Disorders. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA; 2008. 227. 573-590
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 378 Banauch GI, Dhala A, Prezant DJ. Pulmonary disease in rescue workers at the World Trade Center site. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2005; 11 (2) 160-168
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 379 Banauch GI, Alleyne D, Sanchez R , et al. Persistent hyperreactivity and reactive airway dysfunction in firefighters at the World Trade Center. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168 (1) 54-62
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 380 Brackbill RM, Thorpe LE, DiGrande L , et al. Surveillance for World Trade Center disaster health effects among survivors of collapsed and damaged buildings. MMWR Surveill Summ 2006; 55 (2) 1-18
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 381 Prezant DJ, Weiden M, Banauch GI , et al. Cough and bronchial responsiveness in firefighters at the World Trade Center site. N Engl J Med 2002; 347 (11) 806-815
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 382 Wagner VL, Radigan MS, Roohan PJ, Anarella JP, Gesten FC. Asthma in Medicaid managed care enrollees residing in New York City: results from a post-World Trade Center disaster survey. J Urban Health 2005; 82 (1) 76-89
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 383 Wheeler K, McKelvey W, Thorpe L , et al. Asthma diagnosed after 11 September 2001 among rescue and recovery workers: findings from the World Trade Center Health Registry. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115 (11) 1584-1590
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 384 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Self-reported increase in asthma severity after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center—Manhattan, New York, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51 (35) 781-784
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 385 Herbert R, Moline J, Skloot G , et al. The World Trade Center disaster and the health of workers: five-year assessment of a unique medical screening program. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114 (12) 1853-1858
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 386 Skloot G, Goldman M, Fischler D , et al. Respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center disaster site. Chest 2004; 125 (4) 1248-1255
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 387 Izbicki G, Chavko R, Banauch GI , et al. World Trade Center “sarcoid-like” granulomatous pulmonary disease in New York City Fire Department rescue workers. Chest 2007; 131 (5) 1414-1423
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 388 Safirstein BH, Klukowicz A, Miller R, Teirstein A. Granulomatous pneumonitis following exposure to the World Trade Center collapse. Chest 2003; 123 (1) 301-304
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 389 Rom WN, Weiden M, Garcia R , et al. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia in a New York City firefighter exposed to World Trade Center dust. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166 (6) 797-800
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 390 Lai RS, Chiang AA, Wu MT , et al. Outbreak of bronchiolitis obliterans associated with consumption of Sauropus androgynus in Taiwan. Lancet 1996; 348 (9020) 83-85
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 391 Lin TJ, Lu CC, Chen KW, Deng JF. Outbreak of obstructive ventilatory impairment associated with consumption of Sauropus androgynus vegetable. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996; 34 (1) 1-8
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 392 Chen CW, Hsiue TR, Chen KW, Chang HY, Chen CR, Yang BC. Increased IL-5 and IL-10 transcription in bronchial cells after Sauropus androgynus ingestion. J Formos Med Assoc 1996; 95 (9) 699-702
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 393 Yang CF, Wu MT, Chiang AA , et al. Correlation of high-resolution CT and pulmonary function in bronchiolitis obliterans: a study based on 24 patients associated with consumption of Sauropus androgynus. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168 (4) 1045-1050
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 394 Soubani AO, Pandya CM. The spectrum of noninfectious pulmonary complications following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2010; 3 (3) 143-157
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 395 Wang JS, Tseng HH, Lai RS, Hsu HK, Ger LP. Sauropus androgynus-constrictive obliterative bronchitis/bronchiolitis—histopathological study of pneumonectomy and biopsy specimens with emphasis on the inflammatory process and disease progression. Histopathology 2000; 37 (5) 402-410
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 396 Hsiue TR, Guo YL, Chen KW, Chen CW, Lee CH, Chang HY. Dose-response relationship and irreversible obstructive ventilatory defect in patients with consumption of Sauropus androgynus. Chest 1998; 113 (1) 71-76
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 397 Liote H, Porte JM, Postal MJ, Martin de Lassalle E, Derenne JP. [Bronchiolitis obliterans, pneumocystosis and HIV infection]. Rev Mal Respir 1990; 7 (6) 603-607
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 398 Khater FJ, Moorman JP, Myers JW, Youngberg G, Sarubbi FA. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia as a manifestation of AIDS: case report and literature review. J Infect 2004; 49 (2) 159-164
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 399 Mauskar A, Shanbag P, Dadge D. Bronchiolitis obliterans in a child with HIV infection. Indian J Pediatr 2011; 78 (1) 112-114
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 400 Díaz F, Collazos J, Martinez E, Mayo J. Bronchiolitis obliterans in a patient with HIV infection. Respir Med 1997; 91 (3) 171-173
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 401 Laguna del Estal P, Martín T, Martín F, López E. [Obliterating bronchiolitis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection]. Med Clin (Barc) 1991; 97 (16) 638
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 402 Nousari HC, Deterding R, Wojtczack H , et al. The mechanism of respiratory failure in paraneoplastic pemphigus. N Engl J Med 1999; 340 (18) 1406-1410
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 403 Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Bassler KD , et al. Classification, clinical manifestations, and immunopathological mechanisms of the epithelial variant of paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: a reappraisal of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137 (2) 193-206
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 404 Hasegawa Y, Shimokata K, Ichiyama S, Saito H. Constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Eur Respir J 1999; 13 (4) 934-937
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 405 Gamm DM, Harris A, Mehran RJ, Wood M, Foster CS, Mootha VV. Mucous membrane pemphigoid with fatal bronchial involvement in a seventeen-year-old girl. Cornea 2006; 25 (4) 474-478
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 406 Davies SJ, Gosney JR, Hansell DM , et al. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: an under-recognised spectrum of disease. Thorax 2007; 62 (3) 248-252
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 407 Miller RR, Müller NL. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and obliterative bronchiolitis in patients with peripheral carcinoid tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19 (6) 653-658
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 408 Cohen AJ, King Jr TE, Gilman LB, Magill-Solc C, Miller YE. High expression of neutral endopeptidase in idiopathic diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158 (5 Pt 1) 1593-1599
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 409 Poletti V, Casoni G, Chilosi M, Zompatori M. Diffuse panbronchiolitis. Eur Respir J 2006; 28 (4) 862-871
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 410 Keicho N, Tokunaga K, Nakata K , et al. Contribution of HLA genes to genetic predisposition in diffuse panbronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158 (3) 846-850
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 411 Kudoh S, Keicho N. Diffuse panbronchiolitis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24 (5) 607-618
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 412 Sugiyama Y, Kudoh S, Maeda H, Suzaki H, Takaku F. Analysis of HLA antigens in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141 (6) 1459-1462
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 413 Sugiyama Y, Ohno S, Kano S, Maeda H, Kitamura S. Diffuse panbronchiolitis and rheumatoid arthritis: a possible correlation with HLA-B54. Intern Med 1994; 33 (10) 612-614
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 414 Park MH, Kim YW, Yoon HI , et al. Association of HLA class I antigens with diffuse panbronchiolitis in Korean patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159 (2) 526-529
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 415 Keicho N, Ohashi J, Tamiya G , et al. Fine localization of a major disease-susceptibility locus for diffuse panbronchiolitis. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66 (2) 501-507
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 416 Fitzgerald JE, King Jr TE, Lynch DA, Tuder RM, Schwarz MI. Diffuse panbronchiolitis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154 (2 Pt 1) 497-503
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 417 Martinez JA, Guimarães SM, Ferreira RG, Pereira CA. Diffuse panbronchiolitis in Latin America. Am J Med Sci 2000; 319 (3) 183-185
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 418 Kudoh S, Azuma A, Yamamoto M, Izumi T, Ando M. Improvement of survival in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis treated with low-dose erythromycin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157 (6 Pt 1) 1829-1832
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 419 Homma S, Sakamoto S, Kawabata M , et al. Comparative clinicopathology of obliterative bronchiolitis and diffuse panbronchiolitis. Respiration 2006; 73 (4) 481-487
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 420 Mukae H, Hirota M, Kohno S , et al. Elevation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148 (3) 744-751
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 421 Kadota J, Mukae H, Tomono K, Kohno S, Nasu M. Efficacy of long-term macrolide antibiotic therapy in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis: comparison between HLA-B54-positive and -negative cases. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 24 (6) 550-554
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 422 Tanimoto H. A review of the recent progress in treatment of patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Japan. Antibiot Chemother 1991; 44: 94-98
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 423 Jaffé A, Bush A. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides in lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 31 (6) 464-473
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 424 King MS, Eisenberg R, Newman JH , et al. Constrictive bronchiolitis in soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 (3) 222-230
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar