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DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273253
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Morbus Horton (Arteriitis temporalis, Riesenzellarteriitis): Klinik, Diagnostik, Histologie, Therapie
Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis, Horton’s Arteritis): Clinical Characteristics and ManagementPublication History
Eingegangen: 27.9.2010
Angenommen: 21.2.2011
Publication Date:
20 May 2011 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Der Morbus Horton kann aufgrund einer sehr heterogenen Symptomatik diagnostische Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Das klinische Bild der Arteriitis temporalis mit und ohne Augenbeteiligung wird kasuistisch anhand mehrerer Falldarstellungen mit teils sehr verschieden ausgeprägten Symptomen und Befunden aufgezeigt. Die Riesenzellarteriitis stellt eine potenziell zur Erblindung führende systemische Vaskulitis dar, die eine zeitnahe Diagnostik mit unmittelbar einzuleitender suffizienter Therapie erfordert. Zu den typischen Symptomen des Morbus Horton gehören Schmerzen im Kopf-, Nacken- und Schulterbereich sowie Kauschmerzen, aber auch Nachtschweiß, Gewichtsverlust oder Fieber. Eine Amaurosis fugax kann ein erstes ophthalmologisches Krankheitszeichen darstellen. Die Befunde am Auge reichen von einer anterioren ischämischen Optikusneuropathie über Arterienverschlüsse und „Cotton-wool spots“ bis zu den selteneren dargestellten Befunden. Die klassischen Symptome müssen allerdings nicht gleichzeitig vorzufinden sein, dies verdeutlicht das inhomogene Bild der Arteriitis temporalis. Eine beschleunigte Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit („Sturzsenkung“) stellt den wichtigsten Laborparameter neben einer CRP-Erhöhung dar. Als Bildgebung kommen die Doppler-Sonografie, UBM oder MRT in Betracht. Die Resektion eines entzündlichen Segments der Temporalis-Arterie mit Nachweis des typischen histologischen Bildes (Riesenzellen, „giant cells“) stellt derzeit den Goldstandard in der Diagnostik der Arteriitis temporalis dar – ein negatives Bioptat schließt aufgrund sogenannter „skip lesions“ eine Riesenzellarteriitis allerdings nicht aus. Eine suffiziente Hochdosis-Kortikosteroid-Therapie sollte bei begründetem klinischem Verdacht unmittelbar eingeleitet werden, wobei je nach Schwere des Befunds und BSG initiale Dosierungen von 100 mg – 1 g täglich indiziert sind. Im Verlauf ist eine langsame BSG-titrierte Reduktion der Dosis unter Kontrolle von Entzündungswerten, Symptomatik und Nebenwirkungen notwendig. Mitunter ist eine lebenslange immunsuppressive Therapie unabdingbar. Die langjährige Therapie erfolgt in enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem Hausarzt, Rheumatologen, Neurologen und gegebenenfalls weiteren Fachärzten.
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis can cause diagnostic difficulties due to its heterogeneous symptomatology. Characteristic ophthalmic and systemic symptoms of Horton’s disease are discussed. The clinical course is described on the basis of typical patients, which shows that generic symptoms do not have to coexist. The Horton’s arteritis potentially represents a systemic vasculitis that requires early diagnosis and treatment in order to avoid dramatic ophthalmic consequences, in worst cases blindness. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) represents the most important laboratory parameter. Although temporal artery biopsy remains the only confirmatory procedure for a definite diagnosis, imaging procedures such as sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound biomicroscopy are useful in supporting the clinical diagnosis. Highly dosed corticosteroid therapy should always be indicated when suspicious clinical symptoms are present, even without any dramatic laboratory parameter changes. Initial high dosages are indicated up to 1 gram daily depending on the severity of the disease. Subsequently a slow ESR titrated reduction of the dose is necessary under control of inflammation values, symptomatology and side effects. Occasionally a lifelong immunsuppressive therapy is indispensable. The long-term treatment should take place in close cooperation with the general practitioner, rheumatologist, neurologist and if necessary further specialists.
Schlüsselwörter
Arteriitis temporalis - Riesenzellarteriitis - Arteriitis cranialis - RZA
Key words
temporal arteritis - Horton’s arteritis - giant cell arteritis - cranial arteritis - GCA
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Thoralf Rößler
Universitätsaugenklinik Magdeburg
Leipziger Str. 44, Haus 60 b
39120 Magdeburg
Phone: ++ 49/3 91/6 71 35 90
Fax: ++ 3 91/6 71 36 63
Email: tr2@arcor.de