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DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1247871
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Angina pectoris ohne Koronarstenosen – aktuelle Konzepte
Angina pectoris without coronary stenosis – current conceptsPublication History
eingereicht: 25.5.2010
akzeptiert: 1.7.2010
Publication Date:
09 September 2010 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, aktuelle Konzepte für das Auftreten von Angina pectoris(AP)-Beschwerden bei Patienten ohne epikardiale Koronarstenosen anhand von konkreten Fallbeispielen aufzuzeigen. Bei AP-Beschwerden ist sorgfältig zwischen belastungsinduzierten und Ruhe-Beschwerden zu unterscheiden. Ruhe-Angina kann nicht nur durch eine Plaqueruptur und eine Koronarthrombose bedingt sein, sondern auch durch Koronarspasmen, die oft mikrovaskulär bedingt sind, aber auch epikardial auftreten können. Belastungsangina oder ein pathologischer Ischämietest können ebenso nicht nur durch Koronarstenosen bedingt sein, sondern auch durch eine fehlende Koronarreserve infolge einer mikrovaskulären Funktionsstörung. Proatherogene kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren sind in der Regel nicht nur mit einer atherosklerotischen koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK), sondern auch mit dem Auftreten einer koronaren Vasomotionsstörung assoziiert. Beiden Krankheitsentitäten gemeinsam ist das Auftreten einer myokardialen Ischämie als Ursache für die AP-Beschwerden. Daher darf eine pathologische Belastungsuntersuchung nicht zwangsläufig als „falsch” pathologisch eingestuft werden, falls angiographisch keine Koronarstenose erkennbar ist. Die genauen Pathomechanismen der einzelnen Formen der koronaren Vasomotionsstörungen sind im Detail bisher nicht geklärt. Endothelfunktionsstörungen, pathologischen Veränderungen im Bereich der glatten Muskelzellen der Gefäßmedia sowie genetischen Besonderheiten und spezifischen immunologischen Prozessen scheint eine besondere Bedeutung zuzukommen. Eine intrakoronare Provokationstestung (z. B. mittels eines Acetylcholin-Tests) ist sowohl hinsichtlich der Diagnose als auch der Differenzierung von koronaren Vasomotionsstörungen (epikardial oder mikrovaskulär) hilfreich.
Abstract
This review aims at demonstrating current concepts for the occurrence of angina pectoris (AP) and myocardial ischemia in patients without significant epicardial stenoses based on typical clinical examples. For applying these concepts, it is of utmost importance to clinically distinguish patients with resting AP only from those with exercise-induced symptoms or both. Resting AP may not only be caused by plaque rupture and subsequent coronary thrombosis, but may also be due (especially when repeated attacks occur in the early morning hours) to coronary vasospasm (in the microvasculature as well as in epicardial coronary segments). Similarly, exercise-induced AP and/or a pathological exercise test result may not only be caused by severe coronary stenoses, but may also be due to a reduced coronary perfusion reserve secondary to microvascular dysfunction. Hence, a pathological non-invasive stress-test result should not be necessarily described as „false positive” in case of the absence of any significant stenosis. In principle, proatherogenic cardiovascular risk factors are not only associated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), but also with the occurrence of a coronary vasomotility disorder. Both disease entities are characterised by the occurrence of myocardial ischemia. So far, the exact pathomechanism of respective subforms of coronary vasomotility disorders has not yet been not elucidated in detail. Endothelial dysfunction, abnormalities of the smooth muscle cells in the media as well as genetic predisposition or specific immunological abnormalities are discussed as underlying reasons. Intracoronary provocative testing (such as the acetlycholine-test) may help to diagnose as well as to differentiate the different subforms of coronary vasomotility disorders.
Schlüsselwörter
Angina pectoris - koronare Vasomotion - mikrovaskuläre Dysfunktion - Koronarspasmus - Myokarditis
Keywords
angina pectoris - coronary vasomotility - microvascular dysfunction - coronary vasospasm - myocarditis
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Prof. Dr. med. Udo Sechtem
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