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DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1208083
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Nichtinvasive Beatmung zur Therapie der akuten respiratorischen und chronischen ventilatorischen Insuffizienz
Non-invasive ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory and chronic ventilatory failurePublication History
eingereicht: 30.9.2008
akzeptiert: 15.1.2009
Publication Date:
03 March 2009 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Nichtinvasive Beatmung (NIV) wird alternativ zur invasiven Beatmung sowohl zur akuten Intervention als auch langfristig in der häuslichen Beatmung angewandt. Bei der hyperkapnischen akuten respiratprischen Insuffizienz (ARI) senkt NIV die Intubations- und Mortalitätsrate deutlich und sollte unter engmaschigem Monitoring wenn möglich der invasiven Beatmung vorgezogen werden. Demgegenüber wird NIV als Therapie der hypoxämischen ARI nicht empfohlen. Bereits bei gering ausgeprägter chronisch ventilatorischer Insuffizienz (CVI) infolge neuromuskulärer oder thorakorestriktiver Erkrankungen ist die Wirksamkeit der NIV in Form der häuslichen Beatmung nachgewiesen. Im Gegensatz dazu fehlt bisher der Nachweis eines günstigen Effektes der NIV vor allem auf die Lebenserwartung bei CVI infolge COPD. Hier ist die Indikation zur NIV ist daher nur bei deutlicher Hyperkapnie gerechtfertigt. Eine Sonderform der NIV ist die adaptive Servoventilation, die zunehmend bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz und Cheyne-Stokes-Atmung eingesetzt wird. Zur endgültigen Beurteilung des Stellenwerts der ASV sind weitere Studienergebnisse abzuwarten.
Summary
Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) has been employed alternatively to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in acute treatment as well as in long-term domiciliary use. In hypercapnic acute respiratory failure (ARF), NIV significantly reduces intubation and mortality rates and should thus be preferred to IMV whenever possible and as quick as possible. On the other hand, NIV is not generally recommended in hypoxemic ARF. Strong evidence supports the use of domiciliary NIV in chronic respiratory failure caused by neuromuscular diseases or by thoracic restrictions. In contrast, its influence on long time survival in COPD patients is not clearly proven. Prescription of home NIV in COPD should therefore be confined to severe degrees of chronic respiratory failure. Adaptive servo ventilation is another ventilatory mode that is increasingly used in patients with chronic heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
Schlüsselwörter
akute respiratorische Insuffizienz - chronische ventilatorische Insuffizienz - nichtinvasive Beatmung
Keywords
acute respiratory failure - chronic respiratory failure - non-invasive mechanical ventilation
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Prof. Dr. med. Bernd Schönhofer
Abteilung für Pneumologie und Internistische
Intensivmedizin, Klinikum KRH Oststadt-Heidehaus
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Email: Bernd.Schoenhofer@t-online.de