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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1124005
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Pharmakokinetische Probleme in der Praxis
Rolle von ArzneimitteltransporternPharmacokinetic problems in clinical practice Role of drug transportersPublication History
eingereicht: 11.8.2008
akzeptiert: 11.12.2008
Publication Date:
10 February 2009 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Das Schicksal eines Arzneimittels im Organismus des Menschen wird unter anderem durch die Funktion des Arzneimittelmetabolismus und von Transportvorgängen bestimmt. Im Lauf der letzten Dekade wurden zahlreiche Transporter identifiziert, die bei der Aufnahme von Arzneimitteln und bei deren Ausscheidung beteiligt sind. Außerdem sind Arzneimitteltransporter häufig am Auftreten von Interaktionen beteiligt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die wesentlichen Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre auf dem Gebiet zusammenzufassen. Auswärtsgerichtete Transporter, sogenannte Effluxpumpen wie das multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1, ABCB1) werden im Darm exprimiert, wo sie Arzneimittel zurück in das Darmlumen sezernieren. Hemmstoffe von ABCB1 können die Bioverfügbarkeit von Arzneimitteln steigern, die normalerweise aktiv von ABCB1 in den Darm sezerniert werden. Andererseits können Arzneimittelinduktoren wie Rifampicin, Carbamazepin oder Johanniskrautextrakt die Expression von Transportern wie ABCB1 steigern. Hierdurch bedingt kommt es zu einer gesteigerten intestinalen Arzneimittelsekretion, die zusammen mit der Induktion des Arzneimittelmetabolismus zu einer deutlichen Abnahme der Plasmakonzentration einer Reihe von Arzneimitteln führen kann (z. B. von Ciclosporin). Zunehmend wird auch die Bedeutung von Aufnahmetransportern erkannt. SLCO1B1 ist ein hepatischer Aufnahmetransporter, der an der Resorption von Statinen beteiligt ist. Wird die Transportfunktion gehemmt oder liegen bestimmte genetische Varianten vor, die mit einer reduzierten Transportfunktion assoziiert sind, so kann wegen der geringeren hepatischen Aufnahme die Bioverfügbarkeit von Statinen steigen und damit auch das Risiko von Myopathien bis hin zu Rhabdomyolysen.
Summary
Drug disposition is controlled by drug metabolism and drug transport. In the last decade numerous drug transporters have been identified and characterized in the context of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. This article reviews major advancements in this field. Efflux pumps like the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1, ABCB1) are expressed in the intestine where they secrete drugs back into the intestinal lumen. Inhibitors of ABCB1 can increase the bioavailability of such drugs due to an increased absorption. Inducers of metabolism (rifampicin, carbamazepine, St. John’s Wort) also induce the expression of drug transporters like ABCB1. Subsequently, an increased intestinal secretion in addition to an increased metabolism can diminish plasma levels of drugs, for example ciclosporin. The relevance of uptake transporters is increasingly recognized. SLCO1B1 is a hepatic uptake transporter involved in the absorption of statins. Inhibition of SLCO1B1 as well as common genetic variants can lead to increased bioavailability and to adverse reactions, ultimately culminating in rhabdomyolysis.
Schlüsselwörter
Arzneimittelinteraktionen - Arzneimitteltransporter - Arzneimittelmetabolismus - CYP-Enzyme - ABC-Transporter - SLCO1B1
Keywords
drug interactions - drug transport - drug metabolism - CYP enzymes - ABC-transporter - SLCO1B1
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Prof. Dr. Dieter Rosskopf
Institut für Pharmakologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt
Universität Greifswald
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