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DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-946577
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Endokrinologisch-osteologische Defektsyndrome bei Langzeitüberlebenden maligner hämatologischer Erkrankungen
Endocrine and osteological deficits in long time survivors after malignant haematological disordersPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 30.3.2005
akzeptiert: 20.10.2005
Publikationsdatum:
07. Juni 2006 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Störungen des endokrinen Systems haben einen großen Einfluss auf den Knochenstoffwechsel und das Wachstum. Hochdosierte Glukokortikoide können eine Osteoporose induzieren und Hypothalamus sowie Hypophyse supprimieren. Sowohl Hyper- als auch Hypothyreose, Hypogonadismus und Wachstumshormonmangel beeinflussen das Längenwachstum und sind entscheidende pathogenetische Faktoren der Osteoporose .
Bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen, die eine maligne Erkrankung überlebt haben, kann als Spätfolge der therapieinduzierten endokrinen Störungen eine Wachstumsstörung auftreten. Hauptursache dafür ist eine hypothalamisch-hypophysäre Funktionsstörung mit Wachstumshormonmangel, die mit der Schädelbestrahlung in Zusammenhang steht. Die strahleninduzierte primäre Schädigung der Gonaden mit der Folge eines hypergonadotropen Hypogonadismus hat einen ungünstigen Einfluss auf die maximale Knochendichte. Vielfältige Beeinträchtigungen des Pubertätsverlaufes, die das Wachstum bzw. die Endlänge beeinträchtigen, sind beschrieben.
Bei Erwachsenen werden als endokrine Spätfolgen nach Knochenmarktransplantation Wachstumshormonmangel, gonadale Insuffizienz (vorzeitige Menopause bzw. Hodenschaden) und eine latente Hypothyreose beobachtet. Diese beeinträchtigen den Knochenstoffwechsel bzw. die Knochendichte. Die Hypophysenvorderlappen-Insuffizienz nach Schädelbestrahlungen führt zu einer Abnahme der Knochendichte.
Sowohl Glukokortikoide als auch einzelne Chemotherapeutika haben knochenschädigende Effekte. Alkylantien und Procarbazin haben einen gonadotoxischen Effekt. Antimetabolite wie Methotrexat wirken direkt auf den Knochen. Nach der allogenen und der autologen Knochenmarkstransplantation kommt es zu Knochendichteverlusten hauptsächlich im Bereich des Oberschenkels. Regelmäßige Knochendichtemessungen und Laborkontrollen sind nötig. Langzeitüberlebende maligner Erkrankungen bedürfen einer regelmäßigen und konsequenten endokrinologischen Nachsorge mit repetitiven Hypophysenstimulationstesten. Die Strahlendosis auf das zentrale Nervensystem soll so gering wie möglich gehalten werden. Wenn vertretbar, sollte die Schädelbestrahlung vermieden werden, um einer Hypophysenvorderlappen-Insuffizienz vorzubeugen. Endokrine Störungen wie z. B. Hypogonadismus sollen nach den Empfehlungen zur Prophylaxe und Therapie der sekundären, endokrin bedingten Osteoporose ausgeglichen werden. Danach ist, soweit nötig, eine spezifische antiosteoporotische Therapie einzusetzen. Hierbei handelt es sich jedoch oft um eine „off-label”-Anwendung. Wann bei Wachstumshormonmangel nach einer Chemotherapie, insbesondere nach einer Knochenmarkstransplantation, substituiert werden sollte, bleibt Gegenstand kontroverser Diskussionen.
Summary
Abnormalities of the endocrine system have considerable influence on bone metabolism and growth. High-dosage glucocorticoids can induce osteoporosis and suppress both hypothalamic and hypophyseal functions. Both hyper- and hypothyroidism, hypogonadism and growth-hormone deficiency effect longitudinal growth and are decisive pathogenic factors in osteoporosis. Juveniles and young adults who have survived malignant diseases can have abnormal growth as a sequel of treatment-induced endocrine abnormalities. Its main cause is abnormalities in hypothalamic-hypophyseal function with growth hormone deficiency, associated with radiotherapy. Radiation-induced primary damage to the gonads with resulting hypergonadotropic hypogonadism has an unfavorable effect on maximal bone density. Multiple impairments in the course of puberty which reduce growth or final height have been described. In adults growth-hormone deficiency, gonadal insufficiency (premature menopause or testicular damage) and latent hypothyroidism have been described as late endocrine sequelae after bone-marrow transplantation. They impair bone metabolism or bone density. Hypopituitarism after cranial irradiation leads to a reduction in bone density. Glucocorticoids and some chemotherapeutic drugs can damage bone. Alkylants and procarbazine have a gonadotoxic effect. Antimetabolites, such as methotrexate, act directly on bone. Loss of bone density, especially in the region of the femoral neck, occurs after allogenic and autologous bone-marrow transplantation. Regular measurements of bone density and laboratory tests are necessary. Regular and consistent endocrinological follow-up as well as repeated pituitary stimulatory tests are essential in long-term survivors of malignant diseases. The radiation dosage to the central nervous system should be kept as low as possible. If it can be justified, cranial irradiation should in fact be avoided to prevent hypopituitarism. Endocrinological abnormalities, e.g. hypogonadism should be treated according to the guidelines for preventing and treating secondary endocrine-conditioned osteoporosis. Subsequently specific treatment for osteoporosis should be initiated, if necessary. But this is an „off-label” application. It is currently still a matter of controversy whether replacement treatment should be undertaken for growth-hormone deficiency after chemotherapy or, especially, after bone marrow transplantation.
Schlüsselwörter
endokrinologische Defektsyndrome - osteologische Defektsyndrome - maligne hämatologische Erkrankungen
Key words
endocrine deficiency - bone deficiency - malignant haematological diseases
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Dr. med. Diana Ivan
Philipps-Universität Marburg, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Standort Marburg,
Bereich Endokrinologie & Diabetologie (Leiter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Peter Herbert
Kann)
Baldingerstraße
35033 Marburg
Telefon: 06421/2866525
Fax: 06421/2862733
eMail: ivan@med.uni-marburg.de