Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 34(06): 855-866
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1358557
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Advances in Surgical Techniques in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Anthony W. Kim
1   Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
,
Frank C. Detterbeck
1   Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
20 November 2013 (online)

Abstract

Thoracic surgery is a dynamic field, and many scientific, technological, technical, and organizational changes are occurring. A prominent example is the use of less invasive approaches to major resection of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), both thoracoscopic and robotic. Sophisticated technology corroborated by clinical data has led to these approaches becoming accepted additions to the armamentarium. Additionally, improvements in perioperative pain management have also contributed to dramatically changing the experience of patients who undergo modern thoracic surgery. Lung cancer is being detected more often at an early stage. At the same time, advances in techniques, patient care, clinical science, and multidisciplinary treatment support an increased role for aggressive resection in the face of larger locally advanced tumors or for those with limited metastatic disease. These advances, conducted in the setting of multidisciplinary decision making, have resulted in real and palpable advancements for patients with lung cancer.

 
  • References

  • 1 Howington JA, Blum MG, Chang AC, Balekian AA, Murthy SC. Treatment of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143 (5, Suppl): e278S-e313S
  • 2 von Meyenfeldt EM, Gooiker GA, van Gijn W , et al. The relationship between volume or surgeon specialty and outcome in the surgical treatment of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7 (7) 1170-1178
  • 3 Boxer MM, Vinod SK, Shafiq J, Duggan KJ. Do multidisciplinary team meetings make a difference in the management of lung cancer?. Cancer 2011; 117 (22) 5112-5120
  • 4 Coory M, Gkolia P, Yang IA, Bowman RV, Fong KM. Systematic review of multidisciplinary teams in the management of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2008; 60 (1) 14-21
  • 5 Evans WK, Ung YC, Assouad N, Chyjek A, Sawka C. Improving the quality of lung cancer care in Ontario: the lung cancer disease pathway initiative. J Thorac Oncol 2013; 8 (7) 876-882
  • 6 Lennes IT, Lynch TJ. Quality indicators in cancer care: development and implementation for improved health outcomes in non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2009; 10 (5) 341-346
  • 7 Leo F, Venissac N, Poudenx M, Otto J, Mouroux J ; Groupe d'Oncologie Thoracique Azuréen. Multidisciplinary management of lung cancer: how to test its efficacy?. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2 (1) 69-72
  • 8 Landreneau RJ, Hazelrigg SR, Ferson PF , et al. Thoracoscopic resection of 85 pulmonary lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 54 (3) 415-419 , discussion 419–420
  • 9 Roviaro G, Rebuffat C, Varoli F, Vergani C, Mariani C, Maciocco M. Videoendoscopic pulmonary lobectomy for cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1992; 2 (3) 244-247
  • 10 Cheng D, Downey RJ, Kernstine K , et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery in lung cancer resection: a meta-analysis and systematic review of controlled trials. Innovations (Phila) 2007; 2 (6) 261-292
  • 11 Yan TD, Black D, Bannon PG, McCaughan BC. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials on safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15) 2553-2562
  • 12 West D, Rashid S, Dunning J. Does video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy produce equal cancer clearance compared to open lobectomy for non-small cell carcinoma of the lung?. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2007; 6 (1) 110-116
  • 13 Whitson BA, Groth SS, Duval SJ, Swanson SJ, Maddaus MA. Surgery for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review of the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy approaches to lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86 (6) 2008-2016 , discussion 2016–2018
  • 14 Kirby TJ, Mack MJ, Landreneau RJ, Rice TW. Lobectomy—video-assisted thoracic surgery versus muscle-sparing thoracotomy. A randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109 (5) 997-1001 , discussion 1001–1002
  • 15 Sugi K, Kaneda Y, Esato K. Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy achieves a satisfactory long-term prognosis in patients with clinical stage IA lung cancer. World J Surg 2000; 24 (1) 27-30 , discussion 30–31
  • 16 Paul S, Altorki NK, Sheng S , et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy is associated with lower morbidity than open lobectomy: a propensity-matched analysis from the STS database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139 (2) 366-378
  • 17 Park HS, Detterbeck FC, Boffa DJ, Kim AW. Impact of hospital volume of thoracoscopic lobectomy on primary lung cancer outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93 (2) 372-379
  • 18 Puri V, Meyers BF. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy for lung cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2013; 22 (1) 27-38 , v
  • 19 Boffa DJ, Allen MS, Grab JD, Gaissert HA, Harpole DH, Wright CD. Data from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery database: the surgical management of primary lung tumors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 135 (2) 247-254
  • 20 Cooke DT, Wisner DH. Who performs complex noncardiac thoracic surgery in United States academic medical centers?. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94 (4) 1060-1064
  • 21 Farjah F, Wood DE, Mulligan MS , et al. Safety and efficacy of video-assisted versus conventional lung resection for lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 137 (6) 1415-1421
  • 22 Flores RM, Park BJ, Dycoco J , et al. Lobectomy by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) versus thoracotomy for lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138 (1) 11-18
  • 23 Shiraishi T, Shirakusa T, Iwasaki A, Hiratsuka M, Yamamoto S, Kawahara K. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy for small peripheral lung cancer tumors: intermediate results. Surg Endosc 2004; 18 (11) 1657-1662
  • 24 Yang X, Qu J, Wang S. Long-term outcomes of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for nonsmall cell lung cancer. South Med J 2009; 102 (9) 905-908
  • 25 Yang X, Wang S, Qu J. Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) compares favorably with thoracotomy for the treatment of lung cancer: a five-year outcome comparison. World J Surg 2009; 33 (9) 1857-1861
  • 26 McKenna Jr RJ, Houck W, Fuller CB. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: experience with 1,100 cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81 (2) 421-425 , discussion 425–426
  • 27 Roviaro G, Varoli F, Vergani C, Nucca O, Maciocco M, Grignani F. Long-term survival after videothoracoscopic lobectomy for stage I lung cancer. Chest 2004; 126 (3) 725-732
  • 28 Ilonen IK, Räsänen JV, Knuuttila A, Salo JA, Sihvo EI. Anatomic thoracoscopic lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer in stage I is associated with less morbidity and shorter hospitalization than thoracotomy. Acta Oncol 2011; 50 (7) 1126-1132
  • 29 Flores RM, Park BJ, Dycoco J , et al. Lobectomy by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) versus thoracotomy for lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138 (1) 11-18
  • 30 Boffa DJ, Kosinski AS, Paul S, Mitchell JD, Onaitis M. Lymph node evaluation by open or video-assisted approaches in 11,500 anatomic lung cancer resections. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94 (2) 347-353 , discussion 353
  • 31 Champagne BJ, Papaconstantinou HT, Parmar SS , et al. Single-incision versus standard multiport laparoscopic colectomy: a multicenter, case-controlled comparison. Ann Surg 2012; 255 (1) 66-69
  • 32 Chow A, Purkayastha S, Paraskeva P. Appendicectomy and cholecystectomy using single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS): the first UK experience. Surg Innov 2009; 16 (3) 211-217
  • 33 Raman JD, Bagrodia A, Cadeddu JA. Single-incision, umbilical laparoscopic versus conventional laparoscopic nephrectomy: a comparison of perioperative outcomes and short-term measures of convalescence. Eur Urol 2009; 55 (5) 1198-1204
  • 34 Reavis KM, Hinojosa MW, Smith BR, Nguyen NT. Single-laparoscopic incision transabdominal surgery sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg 2008; 18 (11) 1492-1494
  • 35 Katz MS, Schwartz MZ, Moront ML , et al. Single-incision thoracoscopic surgery in children: equivalent results with fewer scars when compared with traditional multiple-incision thoracoscopy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2012; 22 (2) 180-183
  • 36 Mier JM, Chavarin A, Izquierdo-Vidal C, Fibla JJ, Molins L. A prospective study comparing three-port video-assisted thoracoscopy with the single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) port and instruments for the video thoracoscopic approach: a pilot study. Surg Endosc 2013; 27 (7) 2557-2560
  • 37 Prasad R, Arthur LG, Timmapuri SJ , et al. Early experience with single-incision thoracoscopic surgery in the pediatric population. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2011; 21 (2) 189-192
  • 38 Yamamoto H, Okada M, Takada M, Mastuoka H, Sakata K, Kawamura M. Video-assisted thoracic surgery through a single skin incision. Arch Surg 1998; 133 (2) 145-147
  • 39 Yang HC, Cho S, Jheon S. Single-incision thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax using the SILS port compared with conventional three-port surgery. Surg Endosc 2013; 27 (1) 139-145
  • 40 Mogi A, Yamaki E, Kosaka T, Asao T, Kuwano H. Thoracoscopic Wedge Resection Through a Single Incision Using a Thin Puncture Device. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;
  • 41 Ng CS, Hui JW, Wong RH. Minimizing single-port access in video-assisted wedge resection, with a hookwire. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2013; 21 (1) 114-115
  • 42 Gonzalez-Rivas D, de la Torre M, Fernandez R, Garcia J. Video: Single-incision video-assisted thoracoscopic right pneumonectomy. Surg Endosc 2012; 26 (7) 2078-2079
  • 43 Gonzalez-Rivas D, Paradela M, Fernandez R , et al. Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy: two years of experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95 (2) 426-432
  • 44 Gonzalez-Rivas D, Paradela M, Fieira E, Velasco C. Single-incision video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy: initial results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143 (3) 745-747
  • 45 Anderson CA, Hellan M, Falebella A, Lau CS, Grannis FW, Kernstine KH. Robotic-assisted lung resection for malignant disease. Innovations (Phila) 2007; 2 (5) 254-258
  • 46 Augustin F, Bodner J, Wykypiel H, Schwinghammer C, Schmid T. Initial experience with robotic lung lobectomy: report of two different approaches. Surg Endosc 2011; 25 (1) 108-113
  • 47 Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Skylizard L, Minnich DJ. Initial consecutive experience of completely portal robotic pulmonary resection with 4 arms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142 (4) 740-746
  • 48 Dylewski MR, Ohaeto AC, Pereira JF. Pulmonary resection using a total endoscopic robotic video-assisted approach. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 23 (1) 36-42
  • 49 Fortes DL, Tomaszek SC, Wigle DA. Early experience with robotic-assisted lung resection. Innovations (Phila) 2011; 6 (4) 237-242
  • 50 Jang HJ, Lee HS, Park SY, Zo JI. Comparison of the early robot-assisted lobectomy experience to video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for lung cancer: a single-institution case series matching study. Innovations (Phila) 2011; 6 (5) 305-310
  • 51 Louie BE, Farivar AS, Aye RW, Vallières E. Early experience with robotic lung resection results in similar operative outcomes and morbidity when compared with matched video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93 (5) 1598-1604 , discussion 1604–1605
  • 52 Park BJ, Flores RM, Rusch VW. Robotic assistance for video-assisted thoracic surgical lobectomy: technique and initial results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131 (1) 54-59
  • 53 Veronesi G, Agoglia BG, Melfi F , et al. Experience with robotic lobectomy for lung cancer. Innovations (Phila) 2011; 6 (6) 355-360
  • 54 Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Minnich DJ. Starting a robotic program in general thoracic surgery: why, how, and lessons learned. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91 (6) 1729-1736 , discussion 1736–1737
  • 55 Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Minnich DJ. Minimally invasive chest wall resection: sparing the overlying, uninvolved extrathoracic musculature of the chest. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94 (5) 1744-1747
  • 56 Nakamura H, Taniguchi Y, Miwa K, Fujioka S, Matsuoka Y, Kubouchi Y. A successful case of robotic bronchoplastic lobectomy for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;
  • 57 Spaggiari L, Galetta D. Pneumonectomy for lung cancer: a further step in minimally invasive surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91 (3) e45-e47
  • 58 Gharagozloo F, Margolis M, Tempesta B, Strother E, Najam F. Robot-assisted lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer: report of 100 consecutive cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88 (2) 380-384
  • 59 Park BJ, Melfi F, Mussi A , et al. Robotic lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): long-term oncologic results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143 (2) 383-389
  • 60 Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV ; Lung Cancer Study Group. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60 (3) 615-622 , discussion 622–623
  • 61 Rubinstein LV, Ginsberg RJ. Reply to “Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer,” 1995 article by the Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62: 1249-1250
  • 62 Errett LE, Wilson J, Chiu RC-J, Munro DD. Wedge resection as an alternative procedure for peripheral bronchogenic carcinoma in poor-risk patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 90 (5) 656-661
  • 63 Harpole Jr DH, Herndon II JE, Young Jr WG, Wolfe WG, Sabiston Jr DC. Stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer: a multivariate analysis of treatment methods and patterns of recurrence. Cancer 1995; 76 (5) 787-796
  • 64 Landreneau RJ, Sugarbaker DJ, Mack MJ , et al. Wedge resection versus lobectomy for stage I (T1 N0 M0) non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 113 (4) 691-698 , discussion 698–700
  • 65 Martini N, Bains MS, Burt ME , et al. Incidence of local recurrence and second primary tumors in resected stage I lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109 (1) 120-129
  • 66 Pastorino U, Valente M, Bedini V, Infante M, Tavecchio L, Ravasi G. Limited resection for stage I lung cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1991; 17 (1) 42-46
  • 67 Strauss G, Kwiatkowski D, De-Camp M , et al. Extent of surgical resection influences survival in stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1998; 17: 462a
  • 68 Warren WH, Faber LP. Segmentectomy versus lobectomy in patients with stage I pulmonary carcinoma: five-year survival and patterns of intrathoracic recurrence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107 (4) 1087-1093 , discussion 1093–1094
  • 69 Kodama K, Doi O, Higashiyama M, Yokouchi H. Intentional limited resection for selected patients with T1 N0 M0 non-small-cell lung cancer: a single-institution study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114 (3) 347-353
  • 70 Koike T, Yamato Y, Yoshiya K, Shimoyama T, Suzuki R. Intentional limited pulmonary resection for peripheral T1 N0 M0 small-sized lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125 (4) 924-928
  • 71 Okada M, Koike T, Higashiyama M, Yamato Y, Kodama K, Tsubota N. Radical sublobar resection for small-sized non-small cell lung cancer: a multicenter study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 132 (4) 769-775
  • 72 Campione A, Ligabue T, Luzzi L , et al. Comparison between segmentectomy and larger resection of stage IA non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2004; 45 (1) 67-70
  • 73 Iwasaki A, Shirakusa T, Shiraishi T, Yamamoto S. Results of video-assisted thoracic surgery for stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 26 (1) 158-164
  • 74 Kilic A, Landreneau RJ, Luketich JD, Pennathur A, Schuchert MJ. Density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes correlates with disease recurrence and survival in patients with large non-small-cell lung cancer tumors. J Surg Res 2011; 167 (2) 207-210
  • 75 Martin-Ucar AE, Nakas A, Pilling JE, West KJ, Waller DA. A case-matched study of anatomical segmentectomy versus lobectomy for stage I lung cancer in high-risk patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 27 (4) 675-679
  • 76 Schuchert MJ, Kilic A, Pennathur A , et al. Oncologic outcomes after surgical resection of subcentimeter non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91 (6) 1681-1687 , discussion 1687–1688
  • 77 Schuchert MJ, Pettiford BL, Keeley S , et al. Anatomic segmentectomy in the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84 (3) 926-932 , discussion 932–933
  • 78 Kates M, Swanson S, Wisnivesky JP. Survival following lobectomy and limited resection for the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer <= 1 cm in size: a review of SEER data. Chest 2011; 139 (3) 491-496
  • 79 Wisnivesky JP, Henschke CI, Swanson S , et al. Limited resection for the treatment of patients with stage IA lung cancer. Ann Surg 2010; 251 (3) 550-554
  • 80 Altorki NK, Pass HI, Miller DL, Kernstine KH. Comparison of different types of surgery in treating patients with stage ia non-small cell lung cancer. http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=555324&version=healthprofessional . Accessed June 30, 2013
  • 81 Nakamura K, Saji H, Nakajima R , et al. A phase III randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for small-sized peripheral non-small cell lung cancer (JCOG0802/WJOG4607L). Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 40 (3) 271-274
  • 82 Demmy TL, Curtis JJ. Minimally invasive lobectomy directed toward frail and high-risk patients: a case-control study. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68 (1) 194-200
  • 83 Yang CF, D'Amico TA. Thoracoscopic segmentectomy for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94 (2) 668-681
  • 84 Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M , et al. International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6 (2) 244-285
  • 85 Fernando HC, Landreneau RJ, Mandrekar SJ , et al. Impact of brachytherapy on local recurrence after sublobar resection: results from ACOSOG Z4032 (Alliance), a phase III randomized trial for high-risk operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31 (15) (Suppl; abstr 7502)
  • 86 Santos R, Colonias A, Parda D , et al. Comparison between sublobar resection and 125Iodine brachytherapy after sublobar resection in high-risk patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Surgery 2003; 134 (4) 691-697 , discussion 697
  • 87 Fernando HC, Santos RS, Benfield JR , et al. Lobar and sublobar resection with and without brachytherapy for small stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 129 (2) 261-267
  • 88 Birdas TJ, Koehler RP, Colonias A , et al. Sublobar resection with brachytherapy versus lobectomy for stage Ib nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81 (2) 434-438 , discussion 438–439
  • 89 Crabtree T, Puri V, Timmerman R , et al. Treatment of stage I lung cancer in high-risk and inoperable patients: comparison of prospective clinical trials using stereotactic body radiotherapy (RTOG 0236), sublobar resection (ACOSOG Z4032), and radiofrequency ablation (ACOSOG Z4033). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 145 (3) 692-699
  • 90 Sortini D, Feo C, Maravegias K , et al. Intrathoracoscopic localization techniques. Review of literature. Surg Endosc 2006; 20 (9) 1341-1347
  • 91 Grogan EL, Jones DR, Kozower BD, Simmons WD, Daniel TM. Identification of small lung nodules: technique of radiotracer-guided thoracoscopic biopsy. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85 (2) S772-S777
  • 92 Stiles BM, Altes TA, Jones DR , et al. Clinical experience with radiotracer-guided thoracoscopic biopsy of small, indeterminate lung nodules. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82 (4) 1191-1196 , discussion 1196–1197
  • 93 Daniel TM, Altes TA, Rehm PK , et al. A novel technique for localization and excisional biopsy of small or ill-defined pulmonary lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77 (5) 1756-1762 , discussion 1762
  • 94 Boni G, Bellina CR, Grosso M , et al. Gamma probe-guided thoracoscopic surgery of small pulmonary nodules. Tumori 2000; 86 (4) 364-366
  • 95 Chella A, Lucchi M, Ambrogi MC , et al. A pilot study of the role of TC-99 radionuclide in localization of pulmonary nodular lesions for thoracoscopic resection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000; 18 (1) 17-21
  • 96 Sugi K, Kaneda Y, Hirasawa K, Kunitani N. Radioisotope marking under CT guidance and localization using a handheld gamma probe for small or indistinct pulmonary lesions. Chest 2003; 124 (1) 155-158
  • 97 Detterbeck FC, Kim AW, Zielinski M. Looking in from above and up from below: new vistas in thoracic surgery. Innovations (Phila) 2012; 7 (3) 161-164
  • 98 Detterbeck F, Puchalski J, Rubinowitz A, Cheng D. Classification of the thoroughness of mediastinal staging of lung cancer. Chest 2010; 137 (2) 436-442
  • 99 Hürtgen M, Friedel G, Witte B, Toomes H, Fritz P. Systematic Video-Assisted Mediastinoscopic Lymphadenectomy (VAMLA). Thorac Surg Sci 2005; 2: Doc02
  • 100 Kuzdzał J, Zieliński M, Papla B , et al. Transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy—the new operative technique and early results in lung cancer staging. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 27 (3) 384-390 , discussion 390
  • 101 Witte B, Hürtgen M. Video-assisted mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy (VAMLA). J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2 (4) 367-369
  • 102 Witte B, Wolf M, Hillebrand H, Kriegel E, Huertgen M. Extended cervical mediastinoscopy revisited. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;
  • 103 Witte B, Wolf M, Huertgen M, Toomes H. Video-assisted mediastinoscopic surgery: clinical feasibility and accuracy of mediastinal lymph node staging. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82 (5) 1821-1827
  • 104 Zieliński M. Transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy: results of staging in two hundred fifty-six patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2 (4) 370-372
  • 105 Liberman M, Khereba M, Goudie E , et al. Cervical video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery using a flexible endoscope for bilateral thoracoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93 (4) 1321-1323
  • 106 Zieliński M, Pankowski J, Hauer L, Kuzdzał J, Nabiałek T. The right upper lobe pulmonary resection performed through the transcervical approach. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 32 (5) 766-769
  • 107 Kim AW, Kull DR, Zieliński M, Boffa DJ, Detterbeck FC. Transcervical wedge resection following transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy [abstract]. Innovations (Phila) 2013; 8 (2) 118-119
  • 108 Kuzdzał J, Zieliński M, Papla B , et al. The transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy versus cervical mediastinoscopy in non-small cell lung cancer staging. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 31 (1) 88-94
  • 109 Oey IF, Morgan MD, Waller DA. Postoperative pain detracts from early health status improvement seen after video-assisted thoracoscopic lung volume reduction surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003; 24 (4) 588-593
  • 110 Ambrogi V, Paci M, Pompeo E, Mineo TC. Transxiphoid video-assisted pulmonary metastasectomy: relevance of helical computed tomography occult lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70 (6) 1847-1852
  • 111 Detterbeck FC, Egan TM. Thoracoscopy using a substernal handport for palpation. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78 (3) 1031-1036
  • 112 Parsons AM, Detterbeck FC, Parker LA. Accuracy of helical CT in the detection of pulmonary metastases: is intraoperative palpation still necessary?. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78 (6) 1910-1916 , discussion 1916–1918
  • 113 Gee DW, Willingham FF, Lauwers GY, Brugge WR, Rattner DW. Natural orifice transesophageal mediastinoscopy and thoracoscopy: a survival series in swine. Surg Endosc 2008; 22 (10) 2117-2122
  • 114 Moreira-Pinto J, Ferreira A, Miranda A, Rolanda C, Correia-Pinto J. Transesophageal pulmonary lobectomy with single transthoracic port assistance: study with survival assessment in a porcine model. Endoscopy 2012; 44 (4) 354-361
  • 115 Farjah F, Wood DE, Varghese Jr TK, Symons RG, Flum DR. Trends in the operative management and outcomes of T4 lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86 (2) 368-374
  • 116 Rami-Porta R, Ball D, Crowley J , et al; International Staging Committee; Cancer Research and Biostatistics; Observers to the Committee; Participating Institutions. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the T descriptors in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2 (7) 593-602
  • 117 Ou SH, Zell JA. Validation study of the proposed IASLC staging revisions of the T4 and M non-small cell lung cancer descriptors using data from 23,583 patients in the California Cancer Registry. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3 (3) 216-227
  • 118 William Jr WN, Lin HY, Lee JJ, Lippman SM, Roth JA, Kim ES. Revisiting stage IIIB and IV non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results data. Chest 2009; 136 (3) 701-709
  • 119 Kim AW, Detterbeck FC. Surgery for T4 and N3 non-small cell lung cancer, additional pulmonary nodules, and isolated distant metastases. In: Kernstine K, Reckamp K, Thomas Jr C, , eds. Lung Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Management. New York, NY: Demos Medical; 2011: 161-182
  • 120 Kozower BD, Larner JM, Detterbeck FC, Jones DR. Special treatment issues in non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143 (5, Suppl): e369S-e399S
  • 121 Muralidaran A, Detterbeck FC, Boffa DJ, Wang Z, Kim AW. Long-term survival after lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer with circulatory bypass: a systematic review. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142 (5) 1137-1142
  • 122 Zell JA, Ignatius Ou SH, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H. Validation of the proposed International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer non-small cell lung cancer staging system revisions for advanced bronchioloalveolar carcinoma using data from the California Cancer Registry. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2 (12) 1078-1085
  • 123 Nagai K, Sohara Y, Tsuchiya R, Goya T, Miyaoka E ; Japan Lung Cancer Registration Committee. Prognosis of resected non-small cell lung cancer patients with intrapulmonary metastases. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2 (4) 282-286
  • 124 Ambrogi V, Tonini G, Mineo TC. Prolonged survival after extracranial metastasectomy from synchronous resectable lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 8 (8) 663-666
  • 125 Luketich JD, Martini N, Ginsberg RJ, Rigberg D, Burt ME. Successful treatment of solitary extracranial metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60 (6) 1609-1611
  • 126 Naruke T, Tsuchiya R, Kondo H, Asamura H, Nakayama H. Implications of staging in lung cancer. Chest 1997; 112 (4, Suppl): 242S-248S
  • 127 Shimizu J, Oda M, Morita K , et al. Comparison of pleuropneumonectomy and limited surgery for lung cancer with pleural dissemination. J Surg Oncol 1996; 61 (1) 1-6
  • 128 Allama AM. Intercostal muscle flap for decreasing pain after thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 89 (1) 195-199
  • 129 Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Patel B, Bartolucci AA. Intercostal muscle flap reduces the pain of thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 130 (4) 987-993
  • 130 Detterbeck FC. Efficacy of methods of intercostal nerve blockade for pain relief after thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80 (4) 1550-1559
  • 131 Hotta K, Endo T, Taira K , et al. Comparison of the analgesic effects of continuous extrapleural block and continuous epidural block after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011; 25 (6) 1009-1013
  • 132 Wildgaard K, Petersen RH, Hansen HJ, Møller-Sørensen H, Ringsted TK, Kehlet H. Multimodal analgesic treatment in video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy using an intraoperative intercostal catheter. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 41 (5) 1072-1077
  • 133 Detterbeck FC. Subpleural catheter placement for pain relief after thoracoscopic resection. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81 (4) 1522-1523
  • 134 D'Souza D, Sondergaard K, Detterbeck FC. Transient brachial plexus palsy: an unusual complication of paravertebral infusion of local anesthetic. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90 (5) e75-e76
  • 135 Sondergaard K, Boffa DJ, Detterbeck FC, Kim AW. Intrathoracic hemorrhage after placement of a subpleural catheter. JAAPA 2011; 24 (11) 34 , 37
  • 136 Veronesi G, Galetta D, Maisonneuve P , et al. Four-arm robotic lobectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140 (1) 19-25
  • 137 Augustin F, Bodner J, Wykypiel H, Schwinghammer C, Schmid T. Perioperative results of robotic lung lobectomy: summary of literature. Surg Endosc 2012; 26 (4) 1190-1191
  • 138 Gharagozloo F, Margolis M, Tempesta B. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85 (6) 1880-1885 , discussion 1885–1886
  • 139 Ninan M, Dylewski MR. Total port-access robot-assisted pulmonary lobectomy without utility thoracotomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2010; 38 (2) 231-232
  • 140 Giulianotti PC, Buchs NC, Caravaglios G, Bianco FM. Robot-assisted lung resection: outcomes and technical details. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010; 11 (4) 388-392
  • 141 Melfi FM, Mussi A. Robotically assisted lobectomy: learning curve and complications. Thorac Surg Clin 2008; 18 (3) 289-295 , vi–vii
  • 142 Stamatis G, Eberhard W, Pöttgen C. Surgery after multimodality treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2004; 45 (Suppl. 02) S107-S112
  • 143 Yildizeli B, Dartevelle PG, Fadel E, Mussot S, Chapelier A. Results of primary surgery with T4 non-small cell lung cancer during a 25-year period in a single center: the benefit is worth the risk. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86 (4) 1065-1075 , discussion 1074–1075
  • 144 Yang HX, Hou X, Lin P, Rong TH, Yang H, Fu JH. Survival and risk factors of surgically treated mediastinal invasion T4 non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88 (2) 372-378
  • 145 Spaggiari L, Magdeleinat P, Kondo H , et al. Results of superior vena cava resection for lung cancer: analysis of prognostic factors. Lung Cancer 2004; 44 (3) 339-346
  • 146 Finley DJ, Yoshizawa A, Travis W , et al. Predictors of outcomes after surgical treatment of synchronous primary lung cancers. J Thorac Oncol 2010; 5 (2) 197-205
  • 147 Trousse D, Barlesi F, Loundou A , et al. Synchronous multiple primary lung cancer: an increasing clinical occurrence requiring multidisciplinary management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133 (5) 1193-1200
  • 148 Riquet M, Cazes A, Pfeuty K , et al. Multiple lung cancers prognosis: what about histology?. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86 (3) 921-926
  • 149 Bonnette P, Puyo P, Gabriel C , et al; Groupe Thorax. Surgical management of non-small cell lung cancer with synchronous brain metastases. Chest 2001; 119 (5) 1469-1475
  • 150 Girard N, Cottin V, Tronc F , et al. Chemotherapy is the cornerstone of the combined surgical treatment of lung cancer with synchronous brain metastases. Lung Cancer 2006; 53 (1) 51-58
  • 151 Granone P, Margaritora S, D'Andrilli A, Cesario A, Kawamukai K, Meacci E. Non-small cell lung cancer with single brain metastasis: the role of surgical treatment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20 (2) 361-366
  • 152 Billing PS, Miller DL, Allen MS, Deschamps C, Trastek VF, Pairolero PC. Surgical treatment of primary lung cancer with synchronous brain metastases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 122 (3) 548-553
  • 153 Tanvetyanon T, Robinson LA, Schell MJ , et al. Outcomes of adrenalectomy for isolated synchronous versus metachronous adrenal metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (7) 1142-1147
  • 154 Pham DT, Dean DA, Detterbeck FC. Adrenalectomy as the new treatment paradigm for solitary adrenal metastasis from lung cancer. Paper presented at: 37th Annual Meeting of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons; January 2001; New Orleans, LA
  • 155 Mercier O, Fadel E, de Perrot M , et al. Surgical treatment of solitary adrenal metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 130 (1) 136-140
  • 156 Lucchi M, Dini P, Ambrogi MC , et al. Metachronous adrenal masses in resected non-small cell lung cancer patients: therapeutic implications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 27 (5) 753-756
  • 157 Strong VE, D'Angelica M, Tang L , et al. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for isolated adrenal metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14 (12) 3392-3400