T regulatory Mechanisms in Airway and Interstitial Lung Diseases

Chronic lung disease is a sequela of unresolving pathogenesis in the lung. Current estimates report approximately 7.4% of the world’s population live with chronic respiratory diseases. The architectural differences in the airways and individual alveoli provide unique microenvironments for mechanisms of disease and thus necessitate specialized modes of regulation. A key immune cell that has the ability to adapt and provide copious regulatory mechanisms is T regulatory cells (Tregs). In the last two decades, studies have revealed that Tregs respond to their microenvironment and phenotypically change to conduct versatile functions; however, during chronic inflammatory diseases, Tregs are potentially skewed towards pathogenic mechanisms. In this review, we will focus on the differential mechanisms of Treg responses in the lung airways vs interstitium as unique microenvironments by focusing on asthma, acute lung injury/airway respiratory disease syndrome, and interstitial lung disease.

Publication History

Received: 23 April 2025

Accepted after revision: 16 September 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
18 September 2025