Zusammenfassung
Die Neurofibromatose 2 ist eine autosomal-dominat vererbte Erkrankung, die durch Akustikusneurinome,
Katarakt, retinale Hamartome sowie Tumoren des peripheren und zentralen Nervensystems
charakterisiert ist und deren Ausprägung sehr variiert. Für die Diagnose spielt der
Ophthalmologe eine zentrale Rolle, weil verschiedene okuläre Symptome der NF2 bereits
im Kindesalter festzustellen sind, bevor Tumorbildung im Bereich des zentralen Nervensystems
symptomatisch wird. Der frühzeitige Nachweis der Akustikusneurinome erlaubt bei einer
Vielzahl der Betroffenen eine hörerhaltende operative Intervention. Durch die Progredienz
der krankheitsimminenten und sekundäre krankheits- sowie altersbedingte Affektionen
des Auges verlieren die Patienten die Reize verschiedener Sinnessysteme, die das Hören,
das Sehen und das zentrale und periphere Nervensystem betreffen: Gleichgewichtsstörung,
Verlust der Muskelkraft und -kontrolle durch periphere Neuropathie. Therapeutische
Ansätze sind chirurgisch wie Kataraktoperation, Implantation von Cochlea- oder Hirnstamm-Implants,
aber auch konservativ wie Oberflächentherapie des Auges bei Fazialisparese oder das
Erlernen des Lippenablesens. Das menschliche NF2-Gen wurde 1993 aus dem Chromosom
22 kloniert. Der größte Teil der bisher beschriebenen genetischen Änderungen des NF2-Gens
sind Punktmutationen und kleine Deletionen/Insertionen in oder um die Exons. Dabei
erlauben die bestehenden Geno-Phänotyp-Korrelationen gewisse Vorhersagen über den
Verlauf der Erkrankung.
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis 2 is an autosomal-dominant disease, which is characterized by vestibular
schwannomas, cataract, retinal hamartomas as well as tumors of the peripheral and
central nerve system, demonstrating a variety of expression. The ophthalmologist plays
an important role in making the diagnosis, as several ocular manifestations may be
shown during childhood, before tumors of the central nerve system become symptomatic.
An early diagnosis of NF 2 may prevent deafness by early surgical intervention. Due
to primary and secondary reasons such as age-related processes, different sensations
like hearing or vision may be compromised. Neuropathy may lead to vestibular disturbances
and loss of muscle control. Therapeutic options include cataract surgery, implantation
of cochlear or brainstem implants as well as conservative therapy of the ocular surface
in paresis of the VIIth cranial nerve or learning to read from the lips. The human
NF2 gene was cloned from chromosome 22 in 1993. The major part of the genetic alterations
described so far are point mutations as well as deletions or insertions in or around
the exons. Geno-phenotype correlations allow some predictions of the course of the
disease to be made.
Schlüsselwörter
Neurofibromatose 2 - vestibuläre Schwannome - Katarakt - Hamartome - Verlaufsform
- Mosaikbildung
Key words
Neurofibromatosis 2 - vestibular schwannoma - cataract - hamartoma - course of the
disease - mosaicism
Literatur
1
Baser M E, Kluwe L, Mautner V F.
Germ-Line NF2 Mutations and Disease Severity in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Patients
with Retinal Abnormalities.
Am J Hum Genet.
1999;
64
1230-1233
2
Baser M E, Kuramoto L, Joe H. et al .
Genotype-phenotype correlations for cataracts in neurofibromatosis 2.
J Med Genet.
2003;
40
758-760
3
Baser M E, Kuramoto L, Joe H. et al .
Genotype-Phenotype Correlations for Nervous System Tumors in Neurofibromatosis 2:
A Population-Based Study.
Am J Hum Genet.
2004;
9
75
4
Bouzas E A, Freidlin V, Parry D M. et al .
Lens opacities in neurofibromatosis 2: further significant correlations.
Br J Ophthalmol.
1993;
77
354-357
5
Bouzas E A, Parry D M, Eldridge R. et al .
Visual impairment in patients with neurofibromatosis 2.
Neurology.
1993;
43
622-623
6
Cotlier E.
Café-au-lait spots of the fundus in neurofibromatosis.
Arch Ophthalmol.
1977;
95
1990-1993
7
Evans D GR, Huson S M, Donnai D. et al .
A clinical study of type 2 neurofibromatosis.
Q J Med.
1992;
84
603-618
8
Evans D GR, Trueman L, Wallace A. et al .
Genotype/phenotype correlations in type 2 neurofibromatosis (NF2): evidence for more
severe disease associated with truncating mutations.
J Med Genet.
1998;
35
450-455
9
Feiling A, Ward E.
A familial form of acoustic tumour.
Br J Ophthalmol.
1920;
56
496-497
10
Gardner W J, Frazier C H.
Bilateral acoustic neurofibromas: A clinical study and field survey of a family of
five generations with bilateral deafness in thirty-eight members.
Arch Neurol Psychiatr.
1930;
23
266-302
11
Gutmann D H, Aylsworth A, Carey J C. et al .
The diagnostic evaluation and multidisciplinary management of neurofibromatosis 1
and neurofibromatosis 2.
JAMA.
1997;
278
51-57
12
Good W V, Brodsky M C, Edwards M S. et al .
Bilateral retinal hamartomas in neurofibromatosis 2.
Br J Ophthalmol.
1991;
75
190
13
Hazim W, Mautner V F, Christiani B. et al .
Fluoreszenzangiographie retinaler Veränderungen bei Patienten mit Neurofibromatose
Typ 2.
Der Ophthalmologe.
1998;
95 (10)
687-690
14
Jacoby L B, Jones D, Davis K. et al .
Molecular analysis of the NF2 tumor-suppressor gene in schwannomatosis.
Am J Hum Genet.
1997;
61
1293-1302
15
Kaiser-Kupfer M I, Freidlin V, Datiles M. et al .
The assiciation od posterior capsular lens opacities with bilateral acoustic neuromas
in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2.
Arch Ophthalmol.
1989;
107
541-547
16
Kaye L, Rothner A, Beauchamp G. et al .
Ocular findings associated with neurofibromatosis type 2.
Ophthalmology.
1992;
99
1424-1429
17
Kluwe L, Bayer S, Baser M E. et al .
Identification of NF2 germ-line mutations and comparison with neurofibromatosis 2
phenotypes.
Hum Genet.
1996;
98
534-538
18
Kluwe L, MacCollin M, Tatagiba M. et al .
Phenotypic variability associated with 14 splice-site mutations in the NF2 gene.
Am J Genet.
1998;
77
228-233
19
Kluwe L, Mautner V F.
Mosaicism in sporadic neurofibromatosis 2 patients.
Hum Mol Genet.
1998;
7
2051-2055
20
Landau K, Yasargil G M.
Ocular fundus in neurofibromatosis type 2.
Br J Ophthalmol.
1993;
77
646-649
21
Mautner V F, Tatagiba M, Lindenau M. et al .
Spinal Tumors in Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 2: MR Imaging Study of Frequency,
Multiplicity and Variety.
A J Radiol.
1995;
165
951-955
22
Mautner V F, Lindenau M, Baser M E. et al .
The neuroimaging and clinical spectrum of neurofibromatosis 2.
Neurosurgery.
1996;
38
880 -885; discussion 885 - 886
23
Mautner V F, Hazim W, Pohlmann K. et al .
Ophthalmologisches Spektrum der Neurofibromatose Typ 2 im Kindesalter.
Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd.
1996;
208
58-62
24
National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement on Acoustic
Neuroma: December 11 - 13, 1991.
Arch Neurol.
1988;
51
201-207
25
Parry D M, Eldridge R, Kaiser-Kupfer M I. et al .
Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2): clinical characteristics of 63 affected individuals and
clinical evidence for heterogenity.
Am J Med Genet.
1994;
52
450-461
26
Parry D M, MacCollin M, Kaiser-Kupfer M I. et al .
Germ-line mutations in the neurofibromatosis 2 gene: Correlations with disease severity
and retinal abnormalities.
Am J Hum Genet.
1996;
59
529-539
27
Pearson-Webb M, Kaiser-Kupfer M I, Eldridge R.
Eye findings in bilateral acoustic (central) neurofibromatosis: association with presenile
lens opacities and cataracts but absence of Lisch nodules.
N Engl J Med.
1986;
315
1553-1554
28
Ragge N K, Baser M E, Klein J. et al .
Ocular abnormalities in neurofibromatosis 2.
Am J Ophthalmol.
1995;
120
634-641
29
Rouleau G A, Merel P, Lutchman M. et al .
Alteration in a new gene encoding a putative membrane-organizing protein causes neuro-fibromatosis
type 2.
Nature.
1993;
363
515-521
30
Ruttledge M H, Andermann A A, Phelan O M. et al .
Type of mutation in the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene (NF2) frequuently determines
severity of disease.
Am J Hum Genet.
1996;
59
331-342
31
Trofatter J A, MacCollin M M, Rutter J L. et al .
A novel noesin-, ezrin-, radixin-like gene is a candidate for the neurofibromatosis
2 tumor suppressor.
Cell.
1993;
72
791-800
32
Watson C J, Gaunt L, Evans G. et al .
Disease-associated germline deletion maps the type 2 neurofibromatosis (NF2) gene
between the Ewing sarcoma region and the leukaemia inhibitory factor locus.
Hum Mol Genet.
1993;
2
701-704
33
Wishart J H.
Case of tumors of the skull, dura mater and brain.
Edinburgh Med Surg J.
1822;
18
393-397
34
Xu H, Gutmann D.
Merlin differntially associates with the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton.
J Neurosci Res.
1998;
51
403-415
Dr. med. Matthias Feucht
Universitäts-Augenklinik Hamburg-Eppendorf
Martinistraße 52
20246 Hamburg
Phone: ++ 49/40/4 28 03 23 01
Fax: ++ 49/40/4 28 03 49 06
Email: matthiasfeucht@gmx.de