An Algorithmic Approach to the Surgical Management of Sternal Dehiscence: A Single-Center Experience

Abstract

Background Deep sternal wound complications following sternotomy represent a complex challenge. Management can involve debridement, flap reconstruction, and rigid sternal fixation (RSF). We present our 11-year experience in the surgical treatment of deep sternal wound dehiscence using a standardized treatment algorithm.

Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all 134 cardiac patients who required operative debridement after median sternotomy at a single institution between October 2007 and March 2019. Demographics, perioperative covariates, and outcomes were recorded. Univariate and subgroup analyses were performed.

Results One-hundred twelve patients (83.5%) with a deep sternal dehiscence underwent flap closure and 56 (50%) RSF. Of the patients who underwent flap closure, 87.5% received pectoralis advancement flaps. A 30-day mortality following reconstruction was 3.9%. Median length of stay after initial debridement was 8 days (interquartile range: 5–15). Of patients with flaps, 54 (48%) required multiple debridements prior to closure, and 30 (27%) underwent reoperation after flap closure. Patients who needed only a single debridement were significantly less likely to have a complication requiring reoperation (N = 10/58 vs. 20/54, 17 vs. 37%, p = 0.02), undergo a second flap (N = 6/58 vs. 17/54, 10 vs. 32%, p < 0.001), or, if plated, require removal of sternal plates (N = 6/34 vs. 11/22, 18 vs. 50%, p = 0.02).

Conclusion Although sternal dehiscence remains a complex challenge, an aggressive treatment algorithm, including debridement, flap closure, and consideration of RSF, can achieve good long-term outcomes. In low-risk patients, RSF does not appear to increase the likelihood of reoperation. We hypothesize that earlier surgical intervention, before the development of systemic symptoms, may be associated with improved outcomes.

Keywords

deep sternal wound infection - pectoralis flap - rigid sternal fixation

Authors' Contribution

All authors contributed to the conception of the project, data collection, data analysis, and manuscript preparation.

Publication History

Received: 21 September 2021

Accepted: 27 December 2021

Article published online:
04 March 2022

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