Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2016; 37(13): 1032-1037
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-100914
Physiology & Biochemistry
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Short-term Effects of Diet and Activity Changes on Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

F.-D Desgorces
1   University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
2   EA 7329, IRMES, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
,
C. Breuillard
1   University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
3   EA 4466, Pharmacy faculty, Univeristy of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
,
C. Police
1   University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
,
N. Neveux
1   University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
3   EA 4466, Pharmacy faculty, Univeristy of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
4   Department of biochemistry, Broca-Cocin-Hôtel-Dieu Hospitals, Assistance-Publique-hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
,
C.-H Cottart
1   University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
5   Department of biochemistry, Necker hospital, Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
,
M.-C. Blanc
1   University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
3   EA 4466, Pharmacy faculty, Univeristy of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
4   Department of biochemistry, Broca-Cocin-Hôtel-Dieu Hospitals, Assistance-Publique-hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
,
J. F. Toussaint
1   University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
2   EA 7329, IRMES, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
6   Sport medicine unit, Hôtel-Dieu hospital, Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
,
P. Noirez
1   University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
2   EA 7329, IRMES, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 05 January 2016

Publication Date:
27 September 2016 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The present study focused on rapid responses of inflammation markers and insulin resistance to dietary restriction and exercise in inactive patients. 13 obese women were included during a 5-day time frame during which decreases in food intake (−1 378±298 kcal) were associated with 2 exercise sessions (80 and 40 min). Circulating inflammatory biomarkers, insulin resistance index and muscle soreness were measured in fasted conditions. Fasting plasma concentrations of CRP and insulin resistance index decreased over the period (respectively, p=0.02 and p=0.01), concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α appeared unchanged (p>0.05). Changes in IL-6 (enhanced) and TNF-α (reduced) concentrations following the prolonged exercise differed compared to days with 40 min exercise and days without exercise (p<0.05). Muscle soreness appeared higher after the 80 min than after the 40-min exercise (p=0.01), and were related with IL-6 and CRP concentration changes. A 5-day period combining exercise and diet reduced the insulin-resistance index and the CRP fasting concentrations. The 80-min exercise enhanced IL-6 and lowered TNF-α concentration changes while days without exercise unaffected these cytokines. These exercise effects on cytokines may have benefited to the insulin resistance index. The duration and number of the exercise sessions appeared sufficient for inactive subjects to initiate health benefits without inducing negative effects on inflammation and muscle soreness.

Key words

obesity - physical exercise - caloric restriction - interleukin-6 - TNF-alpha
 

  • References

  • 1 Ballor DL, Poehlman ET. Exercise-training enhances fat-free mass preservation during diet-induced weight loss: a meta-analytical finding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994; 18: 35-40
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Bastard J-P, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, Capeau J, Feve B. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006; 17: 4-12
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Browning LM, Krebs JD, Magee EC, Frühbeck G, Jebb SA. Circulating markers of inflammation and their link to indices of adiposity. Obes Facts 2008; 1: 259-265
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Bruun JM, Helge JW, Richelsen B, Stallknecht B. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. Am J Physiol 2006; 290: E961-E967
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Carey AL, Steinberg GR, Macaulay SL, Thomas WG, Holmes AG, Ramm G, Prelovsek O, Hohnen-Behrens C, Watt MJ, James DE, Kemp BE, Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Interleukin-6 increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans and glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in vitro via AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetes 2006; 55: 2688-2697
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Chan MHS, McGee SL, Watt MJ, Hargreaves M, Febbraio MA. Altering dietary nutrient intake that reduces glycogen content leads to phosphorylation of nuclear p38 MAP kinase in human skeletal muscle: association with IL-6 gene transcription during contraction. FASEB J 2004; 18: 1785-1787
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L. Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med 2003; 33: 145-164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Coudreuse JM, Dupont P, Nicol C. Delayed post effort muscle soreness. Ann Réadapt 2004; 47: 290-298
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Dekker MJ, Lee S, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Graham TE, Ross R, Robinson LE. An exercise intervention without weight loss decreases circulating interleukin-6 in lean and obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2007; 56: 332-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Desgorces FD, Le Page C, Police C, Neveux N, Cottart CH, Blanc MC, Raison J, Toussaint JF, Noirez P. Onset of exercise and diet program in obese women: metabolic and anorexigenic responses related to weight loss and physical capacities. Horm Metab Res 2015; 47: 473-478
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Devries MC, Hamadeh MJ, Glover AW, Raha S, Samjoo IA, Tarnopolsky MA. Endurance training without weight loss lowers systemic, but not muscle, oxidative stress with no effect on inflammation in lean and obese women. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45: 503-511
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Fischer CP.. Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?. Exerc Immunol Rev 2006; 12: 6-33
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 607-615
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Gomez-Merino D, Drogou C, Guezennec CY, Burnat P, Bourrilhon C, Tomaszewski A, Milhau S, Chennaoui M. Comparison of systemic cytokine responses after a long distance triathlon and a 100-km run: relationship to metabolic and inflammatory processes. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006; 17: 117-124
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Hansen D, Dendale P, Berger J, van Loon LJC, Meeusen R. The effects of exercise training on fat-mass loss in obese patients during energy intake restriction. Sports Med 2007; 37: 31-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2016 update. Int J Sports Med. 2015 36. 1121-1124
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Hooper SL, Mackinnon LT, Howard A, Gordon RD, Bachmann AW. Markers for monitoring overtraining and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 106-112
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Hotamisligil GS, Murray DL, Choy LN, Spiegelman BM. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits signaling from the insulin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1994; 91: 4854-4858
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Izadpanah A, Barnard RJ, Almeda AJE, Baldwin GC, Bridges SA, Shellman ER, Burant CF, Roberts CK. A short-term diet and exercise intervention ameliorates inflammation and markers of metabolic health in overweight/obese children. Am J Physiol 2012; 303: E542-E550
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Keller C, Keller P, Giralt M, Hidalgo J, Pedersen BK. Exercise normalises overexpression of TNF-alpha in knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321: 179-182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Keller C, Steensberg A, Pilegaard H, Osada T, Saltin B, Pedersen BK, Neufer PD. Transcriptional activation of the IL-6 gene in human contracting skeletal muscle: influence of muscle glycogen content. FASEB J 2001; 15: 2748-2750
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Kishimoto H, Taniguchi A, Fukushima M, Sakai M, Tokuyama K, Oguma T, Nin K, Nagata I, Hayashi R, Kawano M, Hayashi K, Tsukamoto Y, Okumura T, Nagasaka S, Mizutani H, Nakai Y. Effect of short-term low-intensity exercise on insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and glucose and lipid metabolism in non-obese Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Horm Metab Res 2002; 34: 27-31
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Knudsen SH, Hansen LS, Pedersen M, Dejgaard T, Hansen J, Hall GV, Thomsen C, Solomon TPJ, Pedersen BK, Krogh-Madsen R. Changes in insulin sensitivity precede changes in body composition during 14 days of step reduction combined with overfeeding in healthy young men. J Appl Physiol 2012; 113: 7-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Matthys P, Mitera T, Heremans H, Van Damme J, Billiau A. Anti-gamma interferon and anti-interleukin-6 antibodies affect staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced weight loss, hypoglycemia, and cytokine release in D-galactosamine-sensitized and unsensitized mice. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 1158-1164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Mifflin St MD, Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 241-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Nassis GP, Papantakou K, Skenderi K, Triandafillopoulou M, Kavouras SA, Yannakoulia M, Chrousos GP, Sidossis LS. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism 2005; 54: 1472-1479
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Neubauer O, König D, Wagner K-H. Recovery after an Ironman triathlon: sustained inflammatory responses and muscular stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104: 417-426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98: 1154-1162
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Petersen EW, Carey AL, Sacchetti M, Steinberg GR, Macaulay SL, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK. Acute IL-6 treatment increases fatty acid turnover in elderly humans in vivo and in tissue culture in vitro. Am J Physiol 2005; 288: E155-E162
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Rudenski AS, Matthews DR, Levy JC, Turner RC. Understanding “insulin resistance”: both glucose resistance and insulin resistance are required to model human diabetes. Metabolism 1991; 40: 908-917
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Samjoo IA, Safdar A, Hamadeh MJ, Raha S, Tarnopolsky MA. The effect of endurance exercise on both skeletal muscle and systemic oxidative stress in previously sedentary obese men. Nutr Diabetes 2013; 3: e88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Smith LL. Acute inflammation: the underlying mechanism in delayed onset muscle soreness?. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 542-551
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Starkie R, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, Febbraio M, Pedersen BK. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans. FASEB J 2003; 17: 884-886
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, Møller K, Pedersen BK. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. Am J Physiol 2003; 285: E433-E437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Tanti J-F, Ceppo F, Jager J, Berthou F. Implication of inflammatory signaling pathways in obesity-induced insulin resistance. Front Endocrinol 2012; 3: 181
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 You T, Berman DM, Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ. Effects of hypocaloric diet and exercise training on inflammation and adipocyte lipolysis in obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1739-1746
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Yuen DYC, Dwyer RM, Matthews VB, Zhang L, Drew BG, Neill B, Kingwell BA, Clark MG, Rattigan S, Febbraio MA. Interleukin-6 attenuates insulin-mediated increases in endothelial cell signaling but augments skeletal muscle insulin action via differential effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression. Diabetes 2009; 58: 1086-1095
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar