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Am J Perinatol 2020; 37(S 02): S22-S25
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714081
Review Article

Nosocomial Respiratory Viral Infection in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Nestor E. Vain
1   FUNDASAMIN, Foundation for Maternal Infant Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina
2   Newborn Medicine, Hospitals Sanatorio Trinidad Palermo, San Isidro and Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
3   Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract

Infections caused by respiratory viruses in neonates during their stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are more frequent than generally suspected. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a highly contagious pathogen, is the most common etiologic agent, and it carries a high risk of nosocomial spread. During the RSV season, overcrowding of the NICU, shortage of staff, and unrestricted visitors are factors predisposing outbreaks. Since signs and symptoms of RSV infections are no specific, a high index of suspicion is essential to prevent or limit epidemics. The etiologic agent should be confirmed and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold-standard test. Shedding of the virus by infected preterm infants is prolonged and RSV lasts for several hours on countertops and other surfaces. The first case should be isolated and strict cohorting must be instituted. Compliance with hand washing must be warranted. Wearing gowns and gloves may help. The severity of nosocomial RSV infections tends to be higher than that of those community acquired. There is no uniform recommendation to start palivizumab during hospital stay of premature and high-risk infants. The use of this monoclonal antibody to stop or limit the spread of outbreaks is controversial. It is recommended by some professional organizations and not by others but its use during large outbreaks in infants at risk who share the room with infected neonates is not uncommon.

Key Points

  • During peak community epidemic, NICU outbreaks of RSV infections are not uncommon.

  • High index of suspicion is essential as initial signs are nonspecific in preterm neonates.

  • Isolation and cohorting, strict hand washing, gowns, gloves, and eventually palivizumab are main tools for management.

Keywords

respiratory syncytial virus - NICU outbreak - nosocomial infections - newborn

Note

The author has received teaching honorariums from Abbvie in the past.




Publication History

Article published online:
08 September 2020

Thieme Medical Publishers
333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

 

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