Die Bedeutung von Mikropartikeln bei vaskulären Erkrankungen

Zusammenfassung

Mikropartikel (MP) sind kleine Zellvesikel, die von Zellen im Rahmen von Aktivierung oder Apoptose freigesetzt werden und im Blut nachweisbar sind. MP bestehen aus Plasma und Zellmembran ihrer Ursprungszelle und können anhand ihrer Oberflächenantigene ihrer Ursprungszelle zugeordnet werden. Durch den Nachweis entsprechender MP kann somit eine Aussage über den Funktionszustand der Ursprungszelle (Aktivierung oder Apoptose) getroffen werden. Mittlerweile ist bekannt, dass MP als Vektoren spezifische biologische Informationen zwischen einzelnen Zellen austauschen können und somit ein wesentliches Bindeglied in der Pathophysiologie inflammatorischer und koagulatorischer Prozesse darstellen. Da viele Gefäßerkrankungen mit inflammatorischen und thrombotischen Prozessen einhergehen, sind MP nachweisbar und bekommen sowohl als Diagnostikum (Surrogatmarker) als auch als pathophysiologischer Baustein vaskulärer Erkrankungen zunehmende Bedeutung.

Summary

Microparticles (MP) are small cell vesicles that are released by activated or apoptotic cells and that are amenable to quantification in peripheral blood. MP consist of the cytoplasm and the cell membrane of their cell of origin, which allows for their assignment to these cells. By the detection of the respected MP one can conclude to the functional status of the cell of origin. It is known that MP confer specific information between cells and contribute to inflammatory and coagulatory processes. They are detectable in many acute and chronic vascular diseases as a surrogate marker for disease activity but also play a role in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases.

Schlüsselwörter

Mikropartikel - Entzündung - Arteriosklerose

Keywords

Microparticles - inflammation - arteriosclerosis

• Literatur

• 1 Arteaga RB, Chirinos JA, Soriano AO. et al. Endothelial microparticles and platelet and leukocyte activation in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 70-74.
• 2 Bernal-Mizrachi L, Jy W, Jimenez JJ. et al. High levels of circulating endothelial microparticles in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2003; 145: 962-970.
• 3 Brambilla M, Camera M, Colnago D. et al. Tissue factor in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Expression in platelets, leukocytes, and plateletleukocyte aggregates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 947-953.
• 4 Brodsky SV, Zhang F, Nasjletti A. et al. Endothelium- derived microparticles impair endothelial function in vitro. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286: H1910-1915.
• 5 Chirinos JA, Heresi GA, Velasquez H. et al. Elevation of endothelial microparticles, platelets, and leukocyte activation in patients with venous thromboembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1467-1471.
• 6 Chironi G, Simon A, Hugel B. et al. Circulating leukocyte-derived microparticles predict subclinical atherosclerosis burden in asymptomatic subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 2775-2780.
• 7 Combes V, Simon AC, Grau GE. et al. In vitro generation of endothelial microparticles and possible prothrombotic activity in patients with lupus anticoagulant. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 93-102.
• 8 Distler JH, Pisetsky DS, Huber LC. et al. Microparticles as regulators of inflammation: novel players of cellular crosstalk in the rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 3337-3348.
• 9 Enjeti AK, Lincz LF, Seldon M. Detection and measurement of microparticles: an evolving research tool for vascular biology. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 2007; 33: 771-779.
• 10 Esposito K, Ciotola M, Schisano B. et al. Endothelial microparticles correlate with endothelial dysfunction in obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 3676-3679.
• 11 Huang J, Upadhyay UM, Tamargo RJ. Inflammation in stroke and focal cerebral ischemia. Surg Neurol 2006; 66: 232-245.
• 12 Hugel B, Martinez MC, Kunzelmann C. et al. Membrane microparticles: two sides of the coin. Physiology 2005; 20: 22-27.
• 13 Jy W, Horstman LL, Jimenez JJ. et al. Measuring circulating cell-derived microparticles. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 1842-1843.
• 14 Kim HK, Song KS, Park YS. et al. Elevated levels of circulating platelet microparticles, VEGF, IL-6 and RANTES in patients with gastric cancer: possible role of a metastasis predictor. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 184-191.
• 15 Koga H, Sugiyama S, Kugiyama K. et al. Elevated levels of VE-cadherin-positive endothelial microparticles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1622-1630.
• 16 Langer HF, Gawaz M. Platelet-vessel wall interactions in atherosclerotic disease. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 480-486.
• 17 Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 2002; 420: 868-874.
• 18 Lindsberg PJ, Carpen O, Paetau A. et al. Endothelial ICAM-1 expression associated with inflammatory cell response in human ischemic stroke. Circulation 1996; 94: 939-945.
• 19 Madjid M, Zarrabi A, Litovsky S. et al. Finding vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques: is it worth the effort?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1775-1782.
• 20 Mallat Z, Hugel B, Ohan J. et al. Shed membrane microparticles with procoagulant potential in human atherosclerotic plaques: a role for apoptosis in plaque thrombogenicity. Circulation 1999; 99: 348-353.
• 21 Martinez MC, Tesse A, Zobairi F. et al. Shed membrane microparticles from circulating and vascular cells in regulating vascular function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288: H1004-1009.
• 22 Mazzone A, Venneri L, Berti S. Aortic valve stenosis and coronary artery disease: pathophysiological and clinical links. J Cardiovasc Mede 2007; 8: 983-989.
• 23 Mesri M, Altieri DC. Endothelial cell activation by leukocyte microparticles. J Immunol 1998; 161: 4382-4387.
• 24 Mezentsev A, Merks RM, O’Riordan E. et al. Endothelial microparticles affect angiogenesis in vitro: role of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289: H1106-1114.
• 25 Meziani F, Tesse A, Andriantsitohaina R. Microparticles are vectors of paradoxical information in vascular cells including the endothelium: role in health and diseases. Pharmacol Rep 2008; 60: 75-84.
• 26 Morel O, Hugel B, Jesel L. et al. Circulating procoagulant microparticles and soluble GPV in myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A possible role for GPIIb-IIIa antagonists. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 1118-1126.
• 27 Morel O, Toti F, Hugel B. et al. Procoagulant microparticles: disrupting the vascular homeostasis equation?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 2594-2604.
• 28 Pirro M, Schillaci G, Paltriccia R. et al. Increased ratio of CD31+/CD42– microparticles to endothelial progenitors as a novel marker of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 2530-2535.
• 29 Polgar J, Matuskova J, Wagner DD. The P-selectin, tissue factor, coagulation triad. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 1590-1596.
• 30 Preston RA, Jy W, Jimenez JJ. et al. Effects of severe hypertension on endothelial and platelet microparticles. Hypertension 2003; 41: 211-217.
• 31 Sabatier F, Roux V, Anfosso F. et al. Interaction of endothelial microparticles with monocytic cells in vitro induces tissue factor-dependent procoagulant activity. Blood 2002; 99: 3962-3970.
• 32 Sanchez PL, Santos JL, Kaski JC. et al. Relation of circulating C-reactive protein to progression of aortic valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 90-93.
• 33 Simak J, Gelderman MP, Yu H. et al. Circulating endothelial microparticles in acute ischemic stroke: a link to severity, lesion volume and outcome. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 1296-1302.
• 34 Stewart BF, Siscovick D, Lind BK. et al. Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 630-634.
• 35 Wakefield TW, Myers DD, Henke PK. Mechanisms of venous thrombosis and resolution. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 387-391.
• 36 Wolf P. The nature and significance of platelet products in human plasma. Br J Haematol 1967; 13: 269-288.
• 37 Woywodt A, Kirsch T, Haubitz M. Immunomagnetic isolation and FACS – competing techniques for the enumeration of circulating endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 2006; 96: 1-2.