Abstract
Complications from surgical approaches to the orbit can be associated with debilitating
morbidity and negative surgical outcomes. The surgeon must be familiar with the different
factors that predispose a patient to these complications and be facile with techniques
to avoid them. In this article, the authors discuss the surgical anatomy of the lower
eyelid, as well as various complications that result from eyelid surgery, including
lower lid retraction, ectropion, entropion, canthal malposition, and midface descent.
They also discuss various management techniques that are employed in addressing these
complications.
Keywords
lower lid malposition - ectropion - entropion
