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DOI: 10.1055/a-2288-2323
Der anaphylaktische Schock
Anaphylactic shock
Beim anaphylaktischen Schock handelt es sich um einen klassisch distributiven Schock. Im Rahmen einer allergischen Sofortreaktion kommt es zu einer massiven Mediatoren-Ausschüttung aus Mastzellen und basophilen Granulozyten mit konsekutiver Vasoplegie, welche potenziell lebensbedrohlich ist. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die Pathophysiologie, Klinik und Therapie des anaphylaktischen Schocks.
Abstract
Anaphylactic shock is a severe, potentially life-threatening systemic allergic reaction.
It can involve multiple organ systems and is triggered by medication, food, or insect
stings. Epidemiological data vary due to differing definitions, but studies estimate
that 0,26% of hospital admissions are due to anaphylaxis, with 1–3 deaths per million
annually. The incidence of allergic reactions has increased, though anaphylaxis-related
mortality remains stable. Triggers vary by age, with food allergies being common in
children, and insect stings and medication predominant in adults.
An initial allergen exposure sensitizes the immune system, resulting in IgE production
and binding to mast cells and basophils. Upon re-exposure, allergen-IgE binding triggers
the release of mediators like histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines, causing vasodilation,
bronchospasm, and capillary leakage. Risk factors include asthma, cardiac or thyroid
conditions, and elevated IgE levels. Symptoms usually affect 4 organ systems: skin,
gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular system. Grading is based
on the severeness of symptoms, ranging from mild skin reactions (grade 1) to respiratory
or circulatory arrest (grade 4). A reliable diagnostic marker is elevated serum tryptase.
The cornerstone of treatment is adrenaline, administered intramuscularly for rapid
action. Fluid resuscitation with balanced electrolyte solutions and high-flow oxygen
are also fundamental. Antihistamines and corticosteroids are used a bit later to prevent
recurrence but have delayed onset. Adrenaline can also be nebulized or given intravenously
in severe cases.
Post-crisis management includes patient education, allergy identification, and an
emergency kit with an adrenaline auto-injector.
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Der anaphylaktische Schock ist eine akute, lebensbedrohliche allergische Reaktion, mit den Kernkomponenten Vasoplegie, Kapillarleckage und Bronchospasmus, die eine rasche Behandlung erfordert.
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Häufige Auslöser sind Nahrungsmittel, Medikamente und Insektenstiche, wobei es altersabhängige Unterschiede gibt.
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Symptome können eines oder mehrere der 4 Organsysteme gleichzeitig oder aufeinander folgend betreffen: Haut, Gastrointestinaltrakt, Lunge und/oder Kreislauf.
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Trotz einer adäquaten Therapie können die Symptome progredient sein oder innerhalb von 24 Stunden erneut auftreten.
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Adrenalin ist das wichtigste Notfallmedikament, gefolgt von einer Volumen- und Sauerstoffgabe. Nach Sicherung der vitalen Funktionen sollten auch Antihistaminika und Glukokortikoide gegeben werden.
Publikationsverlauf
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
14. März 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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