Keywords Crohn's disease - ileocecal resection - postoperative recurrence
Introduction
The clinical course of childhood-onset Crohn's disease (CD) is more severe with more
extensive disease, more aggressive disease behavior, and an earlier exposure to major
postsurgical sequelae.[1 ] By 5 years, 14 to 47% of pediatric CD patients require surgery, and the most common
surgery is ileocecal resection with a range of 44 to 71%.[2 ] Surgery may be considered as an alternative to medical therapy when a patient has
active disease limited to a short segment despite optimized medical treatment, and
also in children in the prepubertal or pubertal stage if growth velocity for bone
age is reduced over a period of 6 to 12 months despite optimized medical and nutritional
therapy.[3 ]
Surgical resection is not curative for CD. Relapse, both at the area of anastomosis
and at other sites, frequently occurs within 5 years postsurgery.[4 ]
[5 ]
[6 ]
The postoperative recurrence (POR) rate in adults varies according to the definition
used, be it clinical, endoscopic, radiological, or surgical. Smoking, prior intestinal
surgery, absence of prophylactic treatment, penetrating disease at index surgery,
perianal location, granulomas in the resection specimen, and myenteric plexitis are
considered predictors of early POR after ileocolic resection.[7 ]
In pediatric CD, clinical POR varies from 18[8 ] to 50%[6 ] at 1 year and from 34%[9 ] to 73%[6 ] at 5 years. Diffuse ileocolic disease, penetrating and stricturing disease, severe
disease, complex disease, age less than 14 years at diagnosis, and failure of medical
management increase the risk for recurrence.[2 ]
The aim of this study was to describe the risk of POR after ileocecal resection, the
occurrence of surgical complications, and identify predictors of these adverse postoperative
outcomes in pediatric CD.
Methods
Patients
All children under 18 years of age with a diagnosis of CD according to the revised
Porto criteria—based on a combination of history, physical and laboratory examination,
esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ileocolonoscopy with histology, and imaging of the
small bowel[10 ]—who underwent primary ileocecal resection for CD between January 2006 and December
2016 in our tertiary center, were considered for inclusion in this retrospective study.
Patients were collected using the hospital medicoadministrative database Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information and the national register CEMARA (CEntre des MAladies RAres ) for our center.[11 ]
The extraction with these two information systems allowed the selection of all the
children under 18 years of age with a diagnosis of CD, who were followed between January
2006 and December 2016 in our tertiary center.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards for ethical approval and
the French national data protection agency (Commission Nationale de l'informatique
et des libertés n°19811722). All patients were informed.
Data Collection
Data were retrospectively obtained from medical files and recorded in an anonymous
standardized form. The following baseline characteristics were recorded for each patient:
gender, age at diagnosis, CD classification according to Paris classification[12 ] and disease activities according to Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI)
score.[13 ] The Paris classification, emerged in 2011, in order to address gaps attributed to
the dynamic features of pediatric disease phenotype, including the change in disease
location and behavior over time, and the effect of the disease on growth over time,
classifying age at diagnosis as A1a (0 to < 10 years), A1b (10 to < 17 years), A2
(17 to 40 years), and A3 (> 40 years), distinguishing disease above the distal ileum
as L4a (proximal to ligament of Treitz) and L4b (ligament of Treitz to above distal
ileum), allowing both stenosing and penetrating disease to be classified in the same
patient (B2B3), and denoting the presence of growth failure in the patient at any
time as G1 versus G0 (never growth failure). The PCDAI score incorporates clinical characteristics (stool
frequency, abdominal pain, well-being, extraintestinal manifestations, abdominal mass,
perirectal disease, body weight, and height velocity score) and routine laboratory
tests (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hematocrit, and albumin). It ranges from 0
to 100, with the highest scores indicating an active disease: a PCDAI of 10 or lower
defined clinical remission while scores between 11 and 30 and over 30 defined, respectively,
low to moderate or severe activity.
Pre- and postoperative data included age at surgery, disease activity (PCDAI), the
use of CD-related medication, endoscopy, and radiographic imaging such as ultrasound
or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Preoperative data were collected at the preoperative
workup. Postoperative data were collected at the last visit without recurrence and
at the recurrence. Pubertal status was not available. Surgical variables included
the type of surgical approach, type of anastomosis, additional surgical procedures,
stoma placement, operating time, pathology report of the resected segment, and postoperative
complications according to Dindo et al.[14 ]
Outcomes
Complications
Severe postoperative complications were defined as requiring surgical, endoscopic,
or radiological intervention (Dindo et al).[14 ] Intra-abdominal septic complications (IASCs) were defined as anastomotic leak, enterocutaneous
fistula, and intra-abdominal abscesses de novo. Risk factors for IASC were investigated.
Disease Postoperative Recurrence
In our study, the POR of CD was defined as an increase in the PCDAI of 12.5 points[15 ] accompanied by either radiological (ultrasound or MRI) or endoscopic confirmation
of recurrent CD. PCDAI was collected postoperatively at each visit (every 3 months).
Radiological recurrence was defined as increased gut wall thickness and increased
vascular pattern or echogenicity (ultrasound) or contrast enhancement (MRI) extending
from the anastomosis proximally, either in ultrasound or in MRI.[16 ]
[17 ] Surgical POR was defined as recurrence requiring a new surgery. Risk factors for
POR were explored. Endoscopic recurrence was described using the Rutgeerts score.
Rutgeerts score is used as the standard evaluation of postsurgical recurrences at
the ileocolic anastomosis level. The risk of having symptoms of the disease within
5 years after a postsurgical control endoscopy changes from 6% of the patients classified
as i0 and i1 to 27% of patients classified as i2, 63% for patients i3, and 100% for
subjects i4. I1 is defined as not more than five anastomotic aphthous lesions in the
distal ileum, i2 as more than five aphthous lesions with normal mucosa between the
lesions, or skip areas of larger lesions or ulcers up to 1 cm confined to ileocolonic
anastomosis, and i3 as diffuse aphthous ileitis with diffusely inflamed mucosa between
the multiple aphthae and i4 as diffuse inflammation, with larger lesions: large ulcers
and/or nodules/cobble and/or narrowing/stenosis.[18 ]
Statistical Analysis
Categorical variables were described as frequencies and percents. Continuous variables
were described as the median (interquartile range), means, and standard deviations).
Univariate analyses were performed using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test for continuous
variables and the chi-square test or Fischer's exact test as appropriate for categorical
variables. Predictors for POR were identified by multivariate Cox regression analysis.
Eight variables were chosen a priori based on the literature review: age at diagnosis,
L4 location, penetrating behavior, perianal disease, granulomas in resection specimen
and myenteric plexitis and inflammation of the ileocecal valve, and treatment with
biologics after the first surgery.[7 ]
[19 ]
A p level less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Analyses were conducted using RStudio 1 (Rstudio, Inc).
Results
Ileocecal Resection
A total of 377 children were followed for CD at Robert Debré hospital between 2006
and 2016 ([Fig. 1 ]). During this period, 45 (12%) children needed an ileocecal resection for CD. The
laparoscopic approach was used in all cases for mobilization of the ileocaecal region.
In the total laparoscopic approach (n = 16, 37%), an intracorporeal ileocolic anastomosis was performed, and in the laparoscopic-assisted
approach (n = 27, 63%), an extracorporeal anastomosis was performed. In the latter, access was
obtained by either a McBurney, midline, or Pfannenstiel incision
Fig. 1 Flow chart.
Follow-up was available for 43, with a median follow-up of 2.3 years (Q1–Q3 1.8–3.3).
Sixteen (37%) ileocecal resections were done before 2011 and twenty-seven (63%) after.
The indications for ileocecal resection were biologics therapy refractory inflammation
(49%, n = 22), intra-abdominal abscesses (24.4%, n = 11), active disease limited to a short segment associated with growth delay (13.3%,
n = 6), surgery rather than anti-TNF (11.1%, n = 5; patient's refusal of anti-TNF), and digestive perforation (2.2%, n = 1). Biologics therapy refractory inflammation was defined as a lack of response
leading to surgery. In this group of 22 patients, all received anti-TNF, 11 patients
received more than one biological agent (nine changed twice and two changed three
times). The median duration of biological treatment was 18 months (Q1–Q3: 7–21.5).
[Table 1 ] depicts patients' demographic and surgical characteristics at the time of ileocecal
resection and details regarding the surgery.
Table 1
Demographic and surgical characteristics of patients at time of ileocecal resection
Characteristics
Total
n = 43
Recurrence
n = 15
No recurrence
n = 28
p- Value
Female, n (%)
23 (51)
7 (47)
16 (57)
0.5
Age at surgery mean (± SD)
15.19 (1.76)
14.47 (1.99)
15.57 (1.53)
0.05
Years since diagnosis median (Q1–Q3)
2 (0.5–4)
3.3 (1.5–4.5)
1.8 (0.4–3.3)
0.15
Age at diagnosis median (Q1–Q3)
12 (10.5–15)
11 (9.5–14)
14 (11–16)
0.05
Paris classification, n (%)
A1a
7 (16)
4 (27)
3 (11)
A1b
36 (84)
11 (73)
25 (89)
Disease location, n (%) at diagnosis
L1
30 (69)
8 (53)
22 (79)
0.16
L2
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
L3
13 (31)
7 (47)
6 (21)
L4
13 (33)
7 (54)
6 (23)
0.07
Disease behavior, n (%)
B1
2 (5)
2 (13)
0 (0)
0.17
B2
26 (60)
9 (60)
17 (61)
B3 or B2B3
15 (36)
4 (27)
11 (39)
0.50
Perianal location, n (%)
2 (5)
2 (14)
0 (0)
0.11
Extraintestinal manifestations, n (%)
7 (18)
3 (21)
4 (15)
Intestinal occlusion, n (%)
4 (9)
1 (7)
3 (11)
Medical therapy before surgery, n (%)
Steroids
12 (28)
3 (20)
9 (32)
0.5
Immunosuppressive therapy
19 (44)
6 (40)
13 (46)
0.4
Biologics
24 (56)
9 (60)
15 (54)
0.3
Antibiotics
18 (42)
8 (53)
10 (36)
0.5
Medical therapy after surgery, n (%)
42 (98)
15 (100)
27 (96)
Immunosuppressive therapy
25 (58)
8 (53)
17 (61)
Biologics
17 (40)
7 (47)
10 (36)
0.5
Laboratory
C-reactive protein > 10 mg/L, n (%)
31 (76)
13 (93)
18 (67)
0.12
Albuminemia < 30 g/L, n (%)
15 (36)
8 (53)
7 (26)
0.10
Hemoglobin < 11 g/dL
16 (38)
6 (43)
10 (36)
Surgical access, n (%)
Laparoscopy
16 (37)
5 (33)
11 (39)
Assisted laparoscopy
27 (63)
10 (66)
17 (61)
Type of anastomosis, n (%)
Side to side
30 (70)
10 (67)
20 (71)
Stapled
19 (44)
5 (33)
14 (50)
0.4
Intracorporeal
18 (42)
5 (33)
13 (46)
0.5
Protective stoma, n (%)
3 (7)
1 (7)
2 (7)
Operating time, median (Q1–Q3), min
175 (127–214)
174 (123–212)
175 (129–212)
Length of ileal resection > 30 cm
n (%)
7 (17)
4 (27)
3 (11)
0.2
Length of stay after surgery
Median (Q1–Q3), days
7 (6–12)
9 (6–12.5)
7 (6–12)
0.7
Postoperative complications, n (%)
7 (16)
3 (20)
The 11 patients with an abscess were treated with antibiotics before surgery, 4 only
with enteral nutrition and antibiotics, 2 with immunosuppressants and antibiotics,
3 with enteral nutrition, immunosuppressant, and antibiotics, and 2 with anti-TNF
and antibiotics. Nine patients underwent ileocecal resection without complication
and surgery resolved the abscess. An intraoperative abscess complicated the ileocecal
resection for the two patients treated with anti-TNF before surgery, requiring a protective
per operative stoma placement.
Surgery was performed for growth delay associated with active disease for six patients.
Three patients were receiving enteral nutrition before surgery. Height velocity (cm/y)
increased from 1.1 cm/y (Q1–Q3: 0–3.3) to 5.8 cm/y (Q1–Q3: 3.1–8.4) after surgery.
One patient had a digestive perforation with sepsis requiring a stoma 9 months before
the ileocecal resection.
During surgery three patients required a protective stoma placement: two patients
for an intraoperative abscess and one patient for a severe digestive and joint disease
requiring heavy immunosuppressive drugs (steroids and anti-TNF and methotrexate).
Patients received systematically perioperative antibiotics. Immunosuppressants were
delayed after surgery with a median of 12 days (Q1–Q3: 6–34).
Severe Postoperative Complications
Seven of the forty-three patients (16%) developed severe postoperative complications
([Fig. 1 ]). One patient developed anastomotic leak requiring a stoma, and six intra-abdominal
abscess de novo after resection including the two intraoperative abscess. The only
risk factor for IASC was intraoperative abscess. Risk factors for IASC are analyzed
in [Table 2 ].
Table 2
Univariate analysis: risk factors for intra-abdominal septic complications
Characteristics
No postoperative complication
n = 36
Postoperative complication
n = 7
p -Value
Age at surgery, mean (± SD), years
15.06 (1.84)
15.86 (1.21)
0.28
Preoperative biologics, n (%)
18 (50)
6 (86)
0.11
Preoperative steroids, n (%)
11 (31)
1 (14)
0.6
Disease behavior B3 or B2B3, n (%)
8 (22)
3 (43)
0.35
Albumin < 30 g/L, n (%)
12 (33)
3 (43)
0.7
CRP > 10 mg/L, n (%)
26 (72)
5 (71)
Intracorporeal anastomosis, n (%)
13 (36)
5 (71)
0.11
Intraoperative abscess, n (%)
0 (0)
2 (5.5)
0.02
Operating time, median (Q1–Q3), min
174 (124–213)
197 (146–218)
0.5
Abbreviation: CRP, C-reactive protein.
Disease Postoperative Recurrence
POR was diagnosed in 16.3% (n = 7) at 1 year and 35% (n = 15) at the end of the follow-up, median 2.3 years (range
1.8–3.3) ([Table 1 ] and [Fig. 1 ]). Median duration of the postoperative clinical remission was 1.5 years (range 0.5–2).
The median increase in PCDAI was 20 (Q1–Q3: 15–35). An endoscopy was available for
nine patients. Proximal spread of disease was seen in four patients (i3 n = 4). A flare-up on the colonic side was also seen in two of these four patients.
In five patients, lesions were confined to the ileocolonic anastomosis with stenosis
in three (i2 n = 2, i4 n = 3). For six patients, clinical recurrence was confirmed by radiology, showing an
increased gut wall thickness extending from the anastomosis proximally. At the time
of ileocecal resection, 44% (n = 19) were treated with immunosuppressive therapy, 40% (n = 6) in the POR group and 46% (n = 13) in the no POR group. In total, 56% (n = 24) were treated with biologics, 60% (n = 9) in the POR group, and 54% (n = 15) in the no POR group.
After resection, only one patient was just followed up, 25 patients (58%) were treated
with immunosuppressive therapy (azathioprine n = 18, 6 mercaptopurine n = 4, and methotrexate n = 3), and 17 (40%) with biologics (anti-TNF n = 15, ustekinumab n = 2).
Fecal Calprotectin was not Available during Follow-up
Endoscopy was performed only for 19 (9 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic) patients at
a median of 14 months after surgery (Q1–Q3: 5–20.5), at the time of clinical recurrence
for 9 patients. Only two patients had endoscopic remission and 89% endoscopic recurrence
(n = 17, endoscopic AND clinical recurrence n = 9, only endoscopic recurrence with no symptoms n = 8; Rutgeerts score > i2).
At the end of follow-up, there was no surgical POR. Three patients (7%) needed an
endoscopic balloon dilatation for POR during follow-up (min 25 months and max 82 months)
for anastomotic stricture. The first patient developed an anastomotic stricture 2
years after the ileocecal resection. He underwent three endoscopic balloon dilatations
(every 2 months), and medical treatment was also changed (azathioprine replaced by
anti-TNF, replaced by ustekinumab). At the last endoscopic control, 5 years after
the ileocecal resection, no stricture was found. The second patient developed an anastomotic
stricture 3 years after the ileocecal resection, but he was initially asymptomatic.
Seven years after the ileocecal resection, endoscopic balloon dilatation was performed
for Koenig's syndrome, and treatment was changed (ustekinumab replaced by anti-TNF).
As patient became asymptomatic, no more dilatation was performed with a follow-up
of 3 years. The last patient developed an anastomotic stricture 3 years after the
ileocecal resection. Three endoscopic balloon dilatations were performed every 6 months
with no results. Surgery is actually under discussion (8 years after the ileocecal
resection).
Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified only young age at diagnosis as a risk
factor for POR ([Table 3 ]). The median age at diagnosis was 11 years for patients with POR and 14 years for
patients without POR (p = 0.05). Surgery was performed within a median of 3.3 years after CD diagnosis for
POR patients and 1.8 years for those without POR.
Table 3
Multivariate Cox regression analysis: risk factors for postoperative recurrence
HR
95% CI
p -Value
Age at diagnosis
0.73
0.54–0.98
0.04
Disease location L4
4.11
0.70–24.04
0.12
Disease behavior B3 or B2B3
3.06
0.42–22.34
0.27
Perianal location
1.33
0.52–3.28
0.55
granulomas in resection specimen
0.73
0.11–4.71
0.74
Myenteric plexitis in resection specimen
3.21
0.55–18.66
0.19
Inflammation of the ileocecal valve in the resection specimen
0.75
0.22–2.53
0.64
Postoperative biologics
0.44
0.08–2.30
0.20
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
Discussion
In this retrospective study, 12% of CD patients needed ileocecal resection. To our
knowledge, only three studies report ileocecal resection in children alone and not
intestinal resections of different extents and locations[20 ]
[21 ]
[22 ] but focused on POR rates. The rate of primary surgery in literature is variable:
from a cumulative incidence of 5 to 7% at 1 year, 15 to 20% at 5 years, and 30 to
34% at 5 years[23 ]
[24 ]
[25 ] in pediatric CD. The rate of primary surgery in our center was in the same range.
The cohort considered was uniformly diagnosed and uniformly treated. ESPGHAN recommendations
stating that “anti-TNF therapy as primary induction therapy may be considered for
selected children at high risk for poor outcome” were adopted in our center after
2018.[26 ] Only 24 patients (56%) were treated with anti-TNF at the time of ileocecal resection.
POR was observed in 16.3% of patients at 1 year and 35% at the end of follow-up (median
2.3 years [range 1.8–3.3]), with a median duration of remission for 1.5 years (range:
0.5–2). In other pediatric series, ileocecal resection resulted in clinical recurrence
of 20% of the patients at 1 year and 44% during the entire follow-up of 30 months.[20 ] For Diederen et al, clinical recurrence was observed in 49.2% of subjects at 5 years
from resection.[22 ] Clinical disease recurrence was previously reported in 65% of adult patients[25 ] and in 60% of pediatric patients[27 ] at 5 years from ileocecal resection. Our recurrence rate was slightly lower from
other series, but we defined POR as an increase in the PCDAI of 12.5 points[15 ] accompanied by either radiological or endoscopic confirmation of recurrent CD. The
objective of the radiologic confirmation was to confirm recurrence. Functional abdominal
disorders can indeed increase PCDAI (abdominal pain and diarrhea). Fecal calprotectin
was available only for a few patients. To circumvent this methodological difficulty,
we add radiological data to our POR definition. In this cohort, 44% of patients received
immunosuppressive therapy and 56% biologics before surgery, and 58 and 40% after.
Patients receiving immediate postoperative therapy are known to develop less clinical
and surgical recurrence. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported that
after the year 2000, the surgical rates at 1, 5, and 10 years have significantly decreased.
It is unclear whether this decrease can be solely attributable to the introduction
of biologics, the more effective use of thiopurine dosing with monitoring or perhaps
earlier disease recognition and early use of effective interventions.[28 ]
Despite the small sample size, endoscopic recurrence rate was 38% at 6th month for
Zarubova et al.[21 ] Bobanga et al reported a recurrence rate of 87% in patients younger than 16 years
who underwent endoscopy during mean 3 years follow-up compared to 70% in patients
older than 16.[29 ] In our series, endoscopy was performed only for 19 patients during long-term follow-up.
Only two patients had endoscopic remission and 89% endoscopic recurrence. Moreover,
endoscopy was in most cases performed after clinical relapse (68%). It is an important
limitation of our study: endoscopy should have been performed systematically as recommended.
Indeed, endoscopy is the standard for evaluation of POR, and endoscopic assessment
within 1 year of surgical resection is recommended. Endoscopic recurrence precedes
the onset of clinical symptoms. It is important to identify asymptomatic patients
at risk for clinical recurrence and disease complications with early endoscopic surveillance.[2 ]
In this retrospective study, the inconsistent use of endoscopy was a weakness. Nevertheless,
MRI is better accepted than endoscopy by children, is less invasive, and has shown
reliable accuracy to detect endoscopic activity in CD patients.[17 ]
[30 ] We use MRI for the evaluation of the postoperative course of CD, dependent on our
center's experience/availability, and patient preference.
At the end of follow-up, there was no surgical POR, three patients (7%) needed an
endoscopic dilatation for POR, whereas surgical recurrence was observed in 11.9% of
subjects in other pediatric series.[22 ] The aims of endoscopic treatment are to relieve the obstruction and obstruction-associated
symptoms, delay or prevent surgery,[31 ] thereby preserving the bowel from chronic intestinal failure.[32 ]
We found an association between young age at disease onset and at surgery and POR:
the median age at diagnosis was 11 for POR patients and 14 for no POR patients (p = 0.05). L4 location at diagnosis was present in 7 (54%) patients with POR and in
6 (23%) patients without, p = 0.07. Boualit et al found that young age (less than 14 years) at diagnosis, complicated
behavior, and an L4 location were risk factors for undergoing second surgery; moreover,
a first intestinal resection performed within 3 years after diagnosis was associated
with reduced need for further IS and/or anti-TNF-a treatment and a better catch-up
of height and weight. We found that surgery was performed within a median of 3.3 years
after CD diagnosis for POR patients and 1.8 years for those without POR. Delaying
surgery could also be associated with a poor outcome.
CD in children is known to be more severe and more aggressive.[1 ] Young age is a risk factor for disease severity. Young patients less than 14 and
even more if less than 11 should be more monitored. Delaying surgery after 3 years
could be a factor of poor outcomes. The occurrence of severe complications in this
cohort was 16%, and all were infectious. This is more than previous reports in adults
(11–13%)[33 ]
[34 ] and in children and adolescents (10–12%).[4 ]
[22 ] The only risk factor for IASC was an intraoperative abscess. In our cohort, in which
56% of patients received biologics before and 40% after the first surgery, biologics
had no impact on IASC.
In conclusion, only young age at diagnosis was associated with POR. This information
could be useful to develop targeted therapeutic strategies for young CD children less
than 14 and more specifically less than 11. Surgery should not be delayed in order
to prevent the poor outcome. At the end of follow-up, there was no surgical POR: endoscopic
dilatation for POR should be considered to delay or prevent surgery.
