Therapieresistente und sekundäre Hypertonie

Was ist neu?

Sekundäre Hypertonie 2016 wurden Handlungsempfehlungen zum primären Hyperaldosteronismus in einer internationalen Leitlinie veröffentlicht, die 2018 speziell aus europäischer Sicht erweitert wurden. Ziel ist es, frühzeitig die entsprechenden Patienten zu detektieren, um Endorganschäden und kardiovaskulären Ereignissen vorzubeugen. Bei Verdacht auf eine atherosklerotische Nierenarterienstenose eignet sich als Suchtest leitliniengemäß die farbkodierte Duplexsonografie der Nieren und Nierenarterien. Die Therapie ist in erster Linie medikamentös.

Obstruktives Schlafapnoe-Syndrom Protrusionsschienen führen zu einem vergleichbaren moderaten Effekt auf den Bluthochdruck wie die bisher etablierte Überdruckbeatmung. Sie werden von Patienten besser toleriert.

Therapieresistente Hypertonie – konservative Behandlungsoptionen Bei der therapieresistenten Hypertonie wird als viertes Medikament Spironolacton empfohlen. Durch die zusätzliche Einnahme von Patiromer kommt es insbesondere bei Patienten mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung zu weniger Hyperkaliämien, wodurch eine sichere Spironolacton-Gabe möglich ist.

Therapieresistente Hypertonie – interventionelle Behandlungsoptionen Die renale Denervierung kann in den ersten postinterventionellen Monaten zwar zu einer signifikanten Blutdrucksenkung führen, die aber deutlich moderater ist als initiale Studien suggerierten.

Abstract

Resistant hypertension (RH) is defined in patients who do not meet their blood pressure targets despite the daily intake of three antihypertensive drugs in maximally tolerated dosages. This triple treatment should comprise (1) an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), (2) a calcium channel blocker and (3) a diuretic. RH should also be diagnosed in patients on four or more antihypertensive drug classes. Of note, the diagnosis of RH requires the exclusion of non-adherence, “white coat effect”, and incorrect BP-measurement.

After diagnosing RH, it is important to recommend lifestyle interventions (e. g. low dietary salt intake, regular physical activity), to pause BP-elevating substances, and to consider the presence of secondary hypertension.

Such secondary forms of hypertension primarily include endocrine disorders and renal disease (both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease). The leading endocrine cause is primary hyperaldosteronism, the management of which was highlighted in a recent guideline. Other endocrine causes – such as phaeochromocytoma or hypercortisolism – are much less frequent. In contrast, sleep apnoea disorders are now mostly considered as a comorbidity rather than as a cause of secondary hypertension.

Treatment options for RH include lifestyle optimisation and escalation of antihypertensive medication. In most patients on triple treatment (ACE-I or ARB plus calcium channel blocker plus diuretic), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) should be the next treatment choice. As MRA may be associated with hyperkalemia (particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease), the concurrent use of potassium-lowering agents such as patiromer may allow a safe long-term treatment. In contrast, novel interventional treatment options in RH such as renal denervation are still controversially discussed.

Schlüsselwörter

therapieresistente Hypertonie - resistente Hypertonie - sekundäre Hypertonie - endokrine Hypertonie - renale Hypertonie

Key words

treatment resistant hypertension - resistant hypertension - secondary hypertension - endocrine hypertension - renal hypertension

Publication History

Article published online:
01 June 2021

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