RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1067294
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Sicherheit von Herzschrittmachern und implantierbaren Kardioverter-Defibrillatoren im Magnetresonanztomographen
Beurteilung der Aggregatfunktion bei 1,5 TeslaSafety of cardiac pacemakers and ICDs in magnetic resonance imagingPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 22.1.2008
akzeptiert: 6.3.2008
Publikationsdatum:
19. März 2008 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) findet im klinischen Alltag zunehmend Verbreitung, ist aber für Träger von Herzschrittmachern und implantierbaren Kardioverter-Defibrillatoren (ICDs) kontraindiziert. In dieser Studie wurde näher untersucht, unter welchen Umständen im MRT potentiell lebensbedrohliche Arrhythmien ausgelöst werden können und ob diesem Problem durch Programmierung des Aggregats begegnet werden kann.
Methodik: Acht Schrittmacher und sieben ICDs wurden mit verschiedenen Programmierungen im Phantom bei 1,5 Tesla (Experimental- und Bildgebungs-Sequenzen) getestet.
Ergebnisse: Bei vier Schrittmachern kam es zum Abfall der Batteriespannung (Austauschindikation), bei drei davon zusätzlich zu Änderungen in der Programmierung (Reset). Bei den getesteten ICDs traten solche Veränderungen nicht auf, jedoch wurden abhängig von den verwendeten Pulssequenzen bei allen Modellen tachykarde Episoden während der MRT angezeigt.
Folgerung: Die elektromagnetischen Felder im MRT sind bereits unter klinischen Routinebedingungen in der Lage, schwere Funktionsstörungen bei Herzschrittmachern zu verursachen. Bestimmte Aggregat-Programmierungen sind nur bedingt geeignet, die Patienten-Sicherheit im MRT zu erhöhen, da stets mit Verlust beziehungsweise unvorhersehbaren Änderungen der Programmierung gerechnet werden muss.
Summary
Background and objective: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used in patients, but it is contraindicated in those with cardiac pacemakers (CP) or implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD). This study examined circumstances in which potentially life-threatening arrhythmias may be triggered in patients with CP undergoing MRI and whether these problems can be avoided by reprogramming of these devices.
Methods: Eight CP and seven ICDs were investigated in a phantom at 1.5 tesla (experimental and imaging sequences).
Results: A decrease in battery voltage was found in four CP after MRI (indication for elective replacement). Additionally, three showed changes in programming (resets). Analogous changes did not appear in the tested ICDs, but periods of tachycardia were recorded in all types of devices during MRI depending on the pulse sequence employed.
Conclusion: MRI-related electromagnetic fields as used in routine MRI can induce severe pacemaker device malfunctions. Device programming approaches are unreliable for prevention of patient hazards, as programming changes or resets are one of the primary malfunctions during MRI.
Schlüsselwörter
Herzschrittmacher - Aggregatfunktion - Magnetresonanztomographen - implantierbare Kardioverter-Defibrillatoren
Key words
magnetic field effects - cardiac pacemaker functioning - magnetic resonance imaging - implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Literatur
- 1
Achenbach S, Moshage W, Diem B, Bieberle T, Schibgilla V, Bachmann K.
Effects of magnetic resonance imaging on cardiac pacemakers and electrodes.
Am Heart J.
1997;
134
(3)
467-73
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 2 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) .Standard test method for measurement of radio frequency induced heating near passive
implants during magnetic resonance imaging (F2182 - 02a). ASTM International West Conshohocken, PA 2004
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 3
Anfinsen O G, Berntsen R F, Aass H, Kongsgaard E, Amlie J P.
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator dysfunction during and after magnetic resonance
imaging.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.
2002;
25
1400-2
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 4
Faris O P, Shein M.
Food and Drug Administration perspective: Magnetic resonance imaging of pacemaker
and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients.
Circulation.
2006;
114
(12)
1232-3
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 5
Ferris N J, Kavnoudias H, Thiel C, Stuckey S.
The 2005 Australian MRI safety survey.
AJR Am J Roentgenol.
2007;
188
(5)
1388-94
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 6 Fidler F, Nordbeck P, Warmuth M, Ehses P, Hiller K H, Weiss I, Maxfield M, Jakob P M, Bauer W R. MR-Safety: Investigation on a worst case implant heating protocol - a simple solution
for radio frequency induced heating sequences. 18th International Conference of the
Society for Medical Innovation and Technology SMIT. 11-14 May 2006
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 7 Food and Drug Administration, Medical device reporting, Monterey. http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/mdr/
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 8
Gimbel J R, Kanal E, Schwartz K M, Wilkoff B L.
Outcome of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in selected patients with implantable
cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs).
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.
2005;
28
(4)
270-3
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 9
Gimbel J R, Wilkoff B L, Kanal E, Rozner M A.
Safe, sensible, sagacious: responsible scanning of pacemaker patients.
Eur Heart J.
2005;
26
(16)
1683-4
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 10
Gimbel J R, Bailey S M, Tchou P J, Ruggieri P M, Wilkoff B L.
Strategies for the safe magnetic resonance imaging of pacemaker-dependent patients.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.
2005;
28
(10)
1041-6
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 11
Irnich W, Irnich B, Bartsch C, Stertmann W A, Gufler H, Weiler G.
Do we need pacemakers resistant to magnetic resonance imaging?.
Europace.
2005;
7
(4)
353-65
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 12
Levine G N, Gomes A S, Arai A E, Bluemke D A, Flamm S D, Kanal E, Manning W J, Martin E T, Smith J M, Wilke N, Shellock F S. American Heart Association Committee on Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization;
American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association
Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention .
Safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiovascular devices.
Circulation.
2007;
116
((24))
2878-91
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 13
Luechinger R, Duru F, Scheidegger M B, Boesiger P, Candinas R.
Force and torque effects of a 1.5-Tesla MRI scanner on cardiac pacemakers and ICDs.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.
2001;
((2))
24
199-205
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 14
Luechinger R, Duru F, Zeijlemaker V A, Scheidegger M B, Boesiger P, Candinas R.
Pacemaker reed switch behavior in 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging
units: are reed switches always closed in strong magnetic fields?.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.
2002;
25
((10))
1419-23
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 15
Luechinger R, Zeijlemaker V A, Pedersen E M, Mortensen P, Falk E, Duru F, Candinas R, Boesiger P.
In vivo heating of pacemaker leads during magnetic resonance imaging.
Eur Heart J.
2005;
26
(4)
376-83
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 16
Martin E T, Coman J A, Shellock F G, Pulling C C, Fair R, Jenkins K.
Magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac pacemaker safety at 1.5-Tesla.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2004;
43
((7))
1315-24
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 17
Martin E T.
Can cardiac pacemakers and magnetic resonance imaging systems co-exist?.
Eur Heart J.
2005;
26
(4)
325-7
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 18
Nath S, Lynch 3rd C, Whayne J G, Haines D E.
Cellular electrophysiological effects of hyperthermia on isolated guinea pig papillary
muscle. Implications for catheter ablation.
Circulation.
1993;
88
((4 Pt 1))
1826-31
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 19
Nazarian S, Roguin A, Zviman M M, Lardo A C, Dickfeld T L, Calkins H, Weiss R G, Berger R D, Bluemke D A, Halperin H R.
Clinical utility and safety of a protocol for noncardiac and cardiac magnetic resonance
imaging of patients with permanent pacemakers and implantable-cardioverter defibrillators
at 1.5 tesla.
Circulation.
2006;
114
((12))
1277-84
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 20
Nordbeck P, Fidler F, Weiss I, Warmuth M, Friedrich M T, Ehses P, Geistert W, Ritter O, Jakob P M, Ladd M E, Quick H H, Bauer W R.
Spatial distribution of RF-induced E-fields and implant heating in MRI.
Magn Reson Med.
Accepted;
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 21
Rezai A R, Finelli D, Nyenhuis J A, Hrdlicka G, Tkach J, Sharan A, Rugieri P, Stypulkowski P H, Shellock F G.
Neurostimulation systems for deep brain stimulation: in vitro evaluation of magnetic
resonance imaging-related heating at 1.5 tesla.
J Magn Reson Imaging.
2002;
15
((3))
241-50
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 22
Roguin A, Zviman M M, Meininger G R, Rodrigues E R, Dickfeld T M, Bluemke D A, Lardo A, Berger R D, Calkins H, Halperin H R.
Modern pacemaker and implantable cardioverter/defibrillator systems can be magnetic
resonance imaging safe: in vitro and in vivo assessment of safety and function at
1.5 T.
Circulation.
2004;
110
((5))
475-82
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 23
Shellock F G, Fieno D S, Thomson L J, Talavage T M, Berman D S.
Cardiac pacemaker: in vitro assessment at 1.5 T.
Am Heart J.
2006;
151
((2))
436-43
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 24
Sommer T, Vahlhaus C, Lauck G, von Smekal A, Reinke M, Hofer U, Block W, Träber F, Schneider C, Gieseke J, Jung W, Schild H.
MR imaging and cardiac pacemakers: in-vitro evaluation and in-vivo studies in 51 patients
at 0.5 T.
Radiology.
2000;
215
869-79
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 25
Sommer T, Naehle C P, Yang A, Zeijlemaker V, Hackenbroch M, Schmiedel A, Meyer C, Strach K, Skowasch D, Vahlhaus C, Litt H, Schild H :.
Strategy for safe performance of extrathoracic magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 tesla
in the presence of cardiac pacemakers in non-pacemaker-dependent patients: a prospective
study with 115 examinations.
Circulation.
2006;
114
((12))
1285-92
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 26
Vahlhaus C, Sommer T, Lewalter T, Schimpf R, Schumacher B, Jung W, Lüderitz B.
Interference with cardiac pacemakers by magnetic resonance imaging: are there irreversible
changes at 0.5 Tesla?.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.
2001;
24
489-95
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 27
Wollmann C, Grude M, Tombach B, Kugel H, Heindel W, Breithardt G, Böcker D, Vahlhaus C.
Safe performance of magnetic resonance imaging on a patient with an ICD.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.
2005;
28
339-42
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
Dr. Peter Nordbeck
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I der Universität Würzburg
Josef-Schneider-Str. 2
97080 Würzburg
Telefon: + 49/931/888-5157
Fax: + 49/931/888-5851
eMail: nordbeck@physik.uni-wuerzburg.de
