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DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-7047
Kardiomyopathie bei Adipositas - eine Krankheitsentität?
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
31. Dezember 2000 (online)

Die Adipositas hat eine Reihe kardialer Auswirkungen. Die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen werden erst seit einigen Jahren erforscht und sind nur teilweise geklärt. Seit langem ist etabliert, dass eine vermehrte Körperfettmasse, insbesondere eine Erhöhung des viszeralen Fettes, zu einer Reihe von kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren führt und die Entstehung einer koronaren Herzkrankheit begünstigt. Der Risikofaktor Hypertonie führt bei jedem zweiten adipösen Hypertoniker zu einer linksventrikulären Hypertonie. Die diastolische und systolische Funktion werden beeinträchtigt, Rhythmusstörungen und Herztod begünstigt. Die Entstehung einer Hypertonie wird bei Adipösen sowohl durch hämodynamische als auch durch metabolische Adaptationen begünstigt. Weniger bekannt ist, dass sich eine linsventrikuläre Hypertrophie, eine Dilatation und eine gestörte Füllungs- und Pumpfunktion oft auch ohne eine Hypertonie entwickeln können. Die Herzgröße, die linksventrikuläre Muskelmasse und die kardiale Funktion hängen eng mit dem Body Mass Index (BMI) zusammen. Die kardialen Adaptationen bei Adipositas erfüllen die üblichen Kriterien einer sekundären Kardiomyopathie. Durch eine Gewichtsreduktion sind die genannten kardialen Veränderungen reversibel.
Übergewichtige Menschen leiden häufig an einer Herzinsuffizienz [17]. Im klinischen Alltag sind Beschwerden und Symptome Adipöser zwar augenfällig, sie werden jedoch häufig verkannt oder fehlinterpretiert. Eine Belastungsdyspnoe, vermehrtes Schwitzen und Beinödeme sind nicht spezifisch für eine Herzinsuffizienz und können auch der Adipositas sui generis zugeordnet werden. Zum anderen lassen sich Herzgröße und Herzfunktion aufgrund der verdickten subkutanen Fettschicht oft unzureichend röntgenologisch und echokardiographisch beurteilen, was die Diagnose einer Herzinsuffizienz erschwert. Vor dem Hintergrund einer zunehmenden Prävalenz der Adipositas [16] und der Herzinsuffizienz [6] erscheint es jedoch sinnvoll, die Besonderheiten der Herzinsuffizienz beim Adipösen zu diskutieren.
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