A Review on Surgical Techniques and Organ Sparing Procedures in Bladder/Prostate Rhabdomyosarcoma

Abstract

The treatment outcomes in children with bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma (B/P RMS) have considerably improved in the past few decades. Current protocols incorporate chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery (radical or organ sparing). Using this multimodal and multidisciplinary approach, the cure rates for nonmetastatic RMS have gradually increased from 25% in the 1970s, and 70% in the 1990s, to over 80% in the 2000s. Surgery plays a role not only in the diagnosis and management of all stages of B/P RMS, but also in the urinary reconstruction and long-term follow-up. Furthermore, the tendency to avoid mutilating surgery and to preserve functional genitourinary tract has been noticeable. Authors describe the current status and future surgical treatment approaches and possibilities for patients with B/P RMS and how reconstructive urologic surgery in B/P RMS continues to evolve.

Keywords

rhabdomyosarcoma - genitourinary - pediatric - surgery - organ sparing

• References

• 1 Toro JR, Travis LB, Wu HJ, Zhu K, Fletcher CD, Devesa SS. Incidence patterns of soft tissue sarcomas, regardless of primary site, in the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program, 1978-2001: An analysis of 26,758 cases. Int J Cancer 2006; 119 (12) 2922-2930
• 2 Rigamonti W, Iafrate M, Milani C , et al. Orthotopic continent urinary diversion after radical cystectomy in pediatric patients with genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma. J Urol 2006; 175 (3, Pt 1) 1092-1096 , discussion 1096
• 3 Crist WM, Garnsey L, Beltangady MS , et al; Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Committee. Prognosis in children with rhabdomyosarcoma: a report of the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma studies I and II. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8 (3) 443-452
• 4 Crist WM, Anderson JR, Meza JL , et al. Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study-IV: results for patients with nonmetastatic disease. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19 (12) 3091-3102
• 5 Rodeberg DA, Anderson JR, Arndt CA , et al. Comparison of outcomes based on treatment algorithms for rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder/prostate: combined results from the Children's Oncology Group, German Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study, Italian Cooperative Group, and International Society of Pediatric Oncology Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors Committee. Int J Cancer 2011; 128 (5) 1232-1239
• 6 Donaldson SS, Anderson JR. Rhabdomyosarcoma: many similarities, a few philosophical differences. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (12) 2586-2587
• 7 Pedrick TJ, Donaldson SS, Cox RS. Rhabdomyosarcoma: the Stanford experience using a TNM staging system. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4 (3) 370-378
• 8 Federico SM, Spunt SL, Krasin MJ , et al. Comparison of PET-CT and conventional imaging in staging pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60 (7) 1128-1134
• 9 Walterhouse D, Watson A. Optimal management strategies for rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Paediatr Drugs 2007; 9 (6) 391-400
• 10 Stein R, Frees S, Schröder A , et al. Radical surgery and different types of urinary diversion in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma of bladder or prostate—a single institution experience. J Pediatr Urol 2013; 9 (6, Pt A): 932-939
• 11 Duel BP, Hendren WH, Bauer SB , et al. Reconstructive options in genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma. J Urol 1996; 156 (5) 1798-1804
• 12 Cecchetto G, Bisogno G, De Corti F , et al; Italian Cooperative Group. Biopsy or debulking surgery as initial surgery for locally advanced rhabdomyosarcomas in children?: the experience of the Italian Cooperative Group studies. Cancer 2007; 110 (11) 2561-2567
• 13 Seitz G, Dantonello TM, Int-Veen C , et al; CWS-96 Study Group. Treatment efficiency, outcome and surgical treatment problems in patients suffering from localized embryonal bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma trial CWS-96. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56 (5) 718-724
• 14 Heinzelmann F, Thorwarth D, Lamprecht U , et al. Comparison of different adjuvant radiotherapy approaches in childhood bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma treated with conservative surgery. Strahlenther Onkol 2011; 187 (11) 715-721
• 15 Hays DM, Raney RB, Wharam MD , et al. Children with vesical rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) treated by partial cystectomy with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy, with or without radiotherapy. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) Committee. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1995; 17 (1) 46-52
• 16 Ghadjar P, Zelefsky MJ, Spratt DE , et al. Impact of dose to the bladder trigone on long-term urinary function after high-dose intensity modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88 (2) 339-344
• 17 Incrocci L, Jensen PT. Pelvic radiotherapy and sexual function in men and women. J Sex Med 2013; 10 (Suppl. 01) 53-64
• 18 Macedo Jr A, Ferreira PV, Barroso Jr U , et al. Sexual function in teenagers after multimodal treatment of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma: A preliminary report. J Pediatr Urol 2010; 6 (6) 605-608
• 19 Soler R, Macedo Jr A, Bruschini H , et al. Does the less aggressive multimodal approach of treating bladder–prostate rhabdomyosarcoma preserve bladder function?. J Urol 2005; 174 (6) 2343-2346
• 20 Ritchey M, Ferrer F, Shearer P, Spunt SL. Late effects on the urinary bladder in patients treated for cancer in childhood: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 52 (4) 439-446
• 21 Martelli H, Haie-Meder C, Branchereau S , et al. Conservative surgery plus brachytherapy treatment for boys with prostate and/or bladder neck rhabdomyosarcoma: a single team experience. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44 (1) 190-196
• 22 Loughlin KR, Retik AB, Weinstein HJ , et al. Genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Cancer 1989; 63 (8) 1600-1606
• 23 Gosiengfiao Y, Reichek J, Walterhouse D. What is new in rhabdomyosarcoma management in children?. Paediatr Drugs 2012; 14 (6) 389-400
• 24 Prieto J, Murphy CL, Moore KN, Fader M. Intermittent catheterisation for long-term bladder management. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 9: CD006008
• 25 Ferrer FA, Isakoff M, Koyle MA. Bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma: past, present and future. J Urol 2006; 176 (4, Pt 1) 1283-1291
• 26 Yeung CK, Ward HC, Ransley PG, Duffy PG, Pritchard J. Bladder and kidney function after cure of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. Br J Cancer 1994; 70 (5) 1000-1003
• 27 Raney Jr B, Heyn R, Hays DM , et al. Sequelae of treatment in 109 patients followed for 5 to 15 years after diagnosis of sarcoma of the bladder and prostate. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Committee. Cancer 1993; 71 (7) 2387-2394
• 28 Merguerian PA, Agarwal S, Greenberg M, Bägli DJ, Khoury AE, McLorie GA. Outcome analysis of rhabdomyosarcoma of the lower urinary tract. J Urol 1998; 160 (3, Pt 2) 1191-1194 , discussion 1216
• 29 National Cancer Institute. PDQ^®. Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/t
• 30 Soler R, Macedo Jr A, Bruschini H , et al. Does the less aggressive multimodal approach of treating bladder–prostate rhabdomyosarcoma preserve bladder function?. J Urol 2005; 174 (6) 2343-2346
• 31 Wu H-Y, Snyder III HM, Womer RB. Genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma: which treatment, how much, and when?. J Pediatr Urol 2009; 5 (6) 501-506
• 32 Freitas RG, Nobre YT, Macedo Jr A, Demarchi GT, Ortiz V, Srougi M. Continent urinary reconstruction in rhabdomyosarcoma: a new approach. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39 (9) 1333-1337
• 33 Monti PR, Lara RC, Dutra MA, de Carvalho JR. New techniques for construction of efferent conduits based on the Mitrofanoff principle. Urology 1997; 49 (1) 112-115
• 34 Abol-Enein H, Ghoneim MA. Functional results of orthotopic ileal neobladder with serous-lined extramural ureteral reimplantation: experience with 450 patients. J Urol 2001; 165 (5) 1427-1432
• 35 Lander EB, Shanberg AM, Tansey LA, Sawyer DE, Groncy PK, Finklestein JZ. The use of continent diversion in the management of rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate in childhood. J Urol 1992; 147 (6) 1602-1605
• 36 De Corti F, Bisogno G, Dall'Igna P , et al. Does surgery have a role in the treatment of local relapses of non-metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma?. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57 (7) 1261-1265
• 37 Raney Jr RB, Crist WM, Maurer HM, Foulkes MA. Prognosis of children with soft tissue sarcoma who relapse after achieving a complete response. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study I. Cancer 1983; 52 (1) 44-50
• 38 Klingebiel T, Pertl U, Hess CF , et al. Treatment of children with relapsed soft tissue sarcoma: report of the German CESS/CWS REZ 91 trial. Med Pediatr Oncol 1998; 30 (5) 269-275
• 39 Hayes-Jordan A, Doherty DK, West SD , et al. Outcome after surgical resection of recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41 (4) 633-638 , discussion 633–638
• 40 Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Tucker C , et al. The pediatric preclinical testing program: description of models and early testing results. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 49 (7) 928-940
• 41 Kang MH, Smith MA, Morton CL, Keshelava N, Houghton PJ, Reynolds CP. National Cancer Institute pediatric preclinical testing program: model description for in vitro cytotoxicity testing. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56 (2) 239-249
• 42 Probst M, Dahiya R, Carrier S, Tanagho EA. Reproduction of functional smooth muscle tissue and partial bladder replacement. Br J Urol 1997; 79 (4) 505-515
• 43 Atala A, Bauer SB, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Retik AB. Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Lancet 2006; 367 (9518) 1241-1246
• 44 Fraser M, Thomas DF, Pitt E, Harnden P, Trejdosiewicz LK, Southgate J. A surgical model of composite cystoplasty with cultured urothelial cells: a controlled study of gross outcome and urothelial phenotype. BJU Int 2004; 93 (4) 609-616
• 45 Kearns JT, Gundeti MS. Pediatric robotic urologic surgery-2014. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2014; 19 (3) 123-128
• 46 Famakinwa OJ, Rosen AM, Gundeti MS. Robot-assisted laparoscopic Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy technique and outcomes of extravesical and intravesical approaches. Eur Urol 2013; 64 (5) 831-836
• 47 Bagrodia A, Gargollo P. Robot-assisted bladder neck reconstruction, bladder neck sling, and appendicovesicostomy in children: description of technique and initial results. J Endourol 2011; 25 (8) 1299-1305
• 48 Gundeti MS, Acharya SS, Zagaja GP, Shalhav AL. Paediatric robotic-assisted laparoscopic augmentation ileocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy (RALIMA): feasibility of and initial experience with the University of Chicago technique. BJU Int 2011; 107 (6) 962-969
• 49 Cost NG, DaJusta DG, Granberg CF , et al. Robot-assisted laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in an adolescent population. J Endourol 2012; 26 (6) 635-640