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Synlett 2025; 36(03): 274-278
DOI: 10.1055/a-2315-8320
DOI: 10.1055/a-2315-8320
letter
Visible-Light-Driven Metal-Free and Photocatalyst-Free Intramolecular Cyclization of Chalcones to Access Phenanthrenes
Authors
We thank Wuhan University of Technology for financial support.
Abstract
We report a visible-light-driven metal-free and photocatalyst-free protocol for the synthesis of phenanthrenes through the intramolecular cyclization of chalcones. The transformation proceeds through light irradiation and base- and oxygen-based promotion, and enables the generation of a series of phenanthrenes. The further functionalization of an as-synthesized phenanthrene to afford a fluorescent molecule was explored.
Supporting Information
- Supporting information for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2315-8320.
- Supporting Information (PDF)
Publication History
Received: 02 April 2024
Accepted after revision: 27 April 2024
Accepted Manuscript online:
27 April 2024
Article published online:
05 June 2024
© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved
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- 17 (2-Chlorophenyl)(9-phenanthryl)methanone (2a); Typical Procedure An unsealed vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar was charged sequentially with substrate 1a (318.0 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv), PhCl (2 mL), and DBU (76.1 mg, 0.5 mmol, 2.0 equiv). The vessel was then irradiated by 40 W purple LEDs at 25 °C for 8 h until the reaction was complete (TLC). CH2Cl2 was then added to fully dissolve the product, and the mixture was extracted with H2O. The organic phase was collected, mixed with silica powder, and dried in vacuo. The crude product was further purified by flash column chromatography [silica gel, PE–EtOAc (100:1)] to give a white powder; yield: 288 mg (85%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.79 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.74 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 8.56 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.80–7.72 (m, 2 H), 7.70–7.66 (m, 1 H), 7.63 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.38 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.25 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 196.99, 139.77, 133.85, 132.37, 132.34, 131.79, 130.91, 130.49, 130.47, 130.17, 129.87, 129.39, 128.89, 127.82, 127.38, 127.12, 126.88, 126.82, 122.88, 122.79.
- 18 {3-[4-(Diphenylamino)phenyl]-9-phenanthryl}(phenyl)methanone (3m) A Schlenk tube equipped with magnetic stirrer bar was charged with (3-chloro-9-phenanthryl) (phenyl)methanone (2m; 158 mg, 0.5 mmol), TPA4BA (174 mg, 0.6 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (11 mg, 0.05 mmol), dicyclohexyl(2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine (XPhos; 48 mg, 0.1 mmol), and K3PO4∙3H2O (399 mg, 1.5 mmol). THF (5 mL) was then added, and the tube was degassed three times, then filled with N2. The mixture was heated at 100 °C for 24 h until the reaction was complete (TLC). The mixture was then cooled to r.t. and CH2Cl2 (30 mL) was added to fully dissolve the product. The mixture was extracted with H2O, and the organic phase was collected and mixed with silica powder, then dried in vacuo. The crude product was further purified by flash column chromatography [silica gel, PE–EtOAc (100:1)] to give a white powder; yield: 231 mg (88%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.93 (s, 1 H), 8.87 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 8.19 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.99 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.96 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.89 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.77 – 7.69 (m, 3 H), 7.68 – 7.60 (m, 2 H), 7.52 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 4 H), 7.30 – 7.24 (m, 2 H), 7.22 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 4 H), 7.10 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 147.67, 147.40, 138.70, 134.60, 132.45, 132.01, 130.23, 129.33, 129.26, 129.11, 128.61, 127.99, 127.32, 127.13, 126.69, 126.49, 125.92, 125.47, 124.51, 124.35, 124.17, 124.10, 123.98, 123.25, 123.03, 122.84, 122.66.