Synthesis 2023; 55(11): 1671-1689
DOI: 10.1055/a-1777-2477
paper
Special Issue dedicated to Prof. Cristina Nevado, recipient of the 2021 Dr. Margaret Faul Women in Chemistry Award

Synthetic Studies towards Pyrido[1,2-a]azepine Stemona Alkaloids

Martin Morgenstern
,
Camilla Mayer
,
Alexander Pöthig
,
Thorsten Bach
Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ba 1372/16) is gratefully acknowledged.


Abstract

The carbon skeleton of the Stemona alkaloids stemokerrin and cochinchistemonine was assembled from three building blocks (a piperidine, a furan, and a tetronate). Key steps linking the fragments included a Stille cross-coupling (piperidine/furan) and an aldol-type addition of a tetronate. The furan served as a latent 1,4-difunctional compound which was converted into a γ-ketolactone by a type II photooxygenation. Attempts to construct the C12–C13 double bond of stemokerrin by a late-stage oxidation or by an elimination remained unsuccessful. The non-natural products dihydrostemokerrin and furostemokerrin were obtained instead.

Supporting Information

Primary Data



Publication History

Received: 19 January 2022

Accepted: 21 February 2022

Accepted Manuscript online:
21 February 2022

Article published online:
23 March 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
  • References

  • 1 De Loureiro J. Flora cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes. Linnaeanum 2. Typis, et expensis Academicis; Ulyssipone: 1790. 401, 404 Accessed December 02, 2021 at: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/654094#page/49/mode/1up
  • 2 Ginzrot JC. Die Wagen und Fahrwerke der Griechen und Römer und anderer alten Völker (Band 1). Lentner; München: 1817. DOI: 10.11588/diglit.5289
    • 3a Jiang RW, Hon PM, Xu YT, Chan YM, Xu HX, Shaw PC, But PP. H. Phytochemistry 2006; 67: 52
    • 3b But PP. H, Shaw PC, Lin G, Jiang RW, Xu YT. Adv. Bot. Res. 2012; 62: 1
    • 3c Christenhusz MJ. M, Byng JW. Phytotaxa 2016; 261: 201
    • 4a Jiang RW, Hon PM, But PP. H, Chung HS, Lin G, Ye WC, Mak TC. W. Tetrahedron 2002; 58: 6705
    • 4b Xu YT, Hon PM, Jiang RW, Cheng L, Li SH, Chan YP, Xu HX, Shaw PC, But PP. H. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 108: 46
    • 4c Xu YT, Shaw PC, Jiang RW, Hon PM, Chan YM, But PP. H. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 128: 679
    • 5a Sekine T, Ikegami F, Fukasawa N, Kashiwagi Y, Aizawa T, Fujii Y, Ruangrungsi N, Murakoshi I. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1995; 391
    • 5b Brem B, Seger C, Pacher T, Hofer O, Vajrodaya S, Greger H. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002; 50: 6383
    • 5c Chanmahasathien W, Ampasavate C, Greger H, Limtrakul P. Phytomedicine 2011; 18: 199
    • 5d Huang SZ, Kong FD, Ma QY, Guo ZK, Zhou LM, Wang Q, Dai HF, Zhao YX. J. Nat. Prod. 2016; 79: 2599
    • 5e Pudjiastuti P, Puspaningsih NN. T, Siswanto I, Fanani MZ, Ariga YK, Hase T, Sarker SD, Nahar L. J. Parasitol. Res. 2018; 3469132
    • 5f Jung KH, Kil YS, Jung J, Park S, Shin D, Lee K, Seo EK, Bae H. Phytomedicine 2016; 23: 79
    • 6a Greger H. Phytochem. Rev. 2019; 18: 463
    • 6b Liu Y, Shen Y, Teng L, Yang L, Cao K, Fu Q. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021; 265: 113112
    • 6c Wang L, Wu H, Liu C, Jiang T, Yang X, Chen X, Tang L, Wang Z. Phytochem. Rev. 2021; in press DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09765-1.
    • 6d Weng FP, Chen QH. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1809
    • 8a Pilli RA, Rosso GB, Oliveira MC. F. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2010; 27: 1908
    • 8b Pilli RA, Oliveira MC. F. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2000; 17: 117
    • 8c Ye Y, Qin GW, Xu RS. J. Nat. Prod. 1994; 57: 655
  • 9 Pyne SG, Ung AT, Jatisatienr A, Mungkornasawakul P. Mj. Int. J. Sci. Tech. 2007; 1: 157
  • 10 Kaltenegger E, Brem B, Mereiter K, Kalchhauser H, Kählig H, Hofer O, Vajrodaya S, Greger H. Phytochemistry 2003; 63: 803
  • 11 Lin LG, Tang CP, Dien PH, Xu RS, Ye Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007; 48: 1559

    • Reviews:
    • 12a Olivier WJ, Smith JA, Bissember AC. Chem. Rec. 2022; 22: 202100277
    • 12b Wu X, Ma K. Prog. Chem. 2020; 32: 752
    • 12c Brito GA, Pirovani RV. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 2018; 50: 245
    • 12d Li Y, Li J, Ding H, Li A. Natl. Sci. Rep. 2017; 4: 397
    • 12e Pyne SG, Jatisatienr A, Mungkornasawakul P, Ung AT, Limtrakul P, Sastraruji T, Sastraruji K, Chaiyong S, Umsumarng S, Baird MC, Dau XD, Ramli RA. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2017; 12: 1365
    • 12f Liu XY, Wang FP. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2015; 10: 1093
    • 12g Alibes R, Figueredo M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009; 15: 2421

      For recent syntheses, see:
    • 13a Huang PQ, Huang SY, Gao LH, Mao ZY, Chang Z, Wang AE. Chem. Commun. 2015; 51: 4576
    • 13b Ma K, Yin X, Dai M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018; 57: 15209
    • 13c Rebmann H, Gerlinger CK. G, Gaich T. Chem. Eur. J. 2019; 25: 2704
    • 13d Hou Y, Shi T, Yang Y, Fan X, Chen J, Cao F, Wang Z. Org. Lett. 2019; 21: 2952
    • 13e Siitonen JH, Csokas D, Papai I, Pihko PM. Synlett 2020; 31: 1581
    • 13f Matsuo R, Miyashita A, Kuwabara M, Adachi S, Matsuzawa A, Sugita K. Synlett 2020; 31: 1800
    • 13g Soda Y, Sugiyama Y, Yoritate M, Tajima H, Shibuya K, Ogihara C, Oishi T, Sato T, Chida N. Org. Lett. 2020; 22: 7502
    • 13h Huang XZ, Gao LH, Huang PQ. Nat. Commun. 2020; 11: 5314
    • 13i Uphade MB, Prasad KR. Tetrahedron 2020; 76: 131623
    • 13j Olivier WJ, Bissember AC, Smith JA. Org. Lett. 2021; 23: 3437
    • 13k Zheng Y, Yang HD, Wei K, Yang YR. J. Org. Chem. 2021; 86: 6025
    • 13l Olivier WJ, Lucas NT, Bissember AC, Smith JA. Chem. Eur. J. 2021; 27: 15382
    • 13m Deng Y, Liang X, Wei K, Yang YR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021; 143: 20622

      For general studies towards the construction of pyrido[1,2-a]azepines, see:
    • 14a Fozard A, Jones G. J. Org. Chem. 1965; 30: 1523
    • 14b Tietze LF, Wünsch JR, Noltemeyer M. Tetrahedron 1992; 48: 2081
    • 14c Marx K, Eberbach W. Tetrahedron 1997; 53: 14687
    • 14d Chou SS. P, Liang CF, Lee TM, Liu CF. Tetrahedron 2007; 63: 8267
    • 14e Funeta MC, Dominguez D. J. Org. Chem. 2007; 72: 8804
    • 14f Chendrasekhar B, Rao BV, Rao KV. M, Jagadeesh B. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2009; 20: 1217
    • 14g Wang N, Zhang LH, Ye XS. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2010; 8: 2639
    • 14h Gregory AW, Chambers A, Hawkins A, Jakubec P, Dixon DJ. Chem. Eur. J. 2015; 21: 111 
    • 14i Disadee W, Ruchirawat S. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2018; 16: 707
    • 15a Mungkornasawakul P, Pyne SG, Jatisatienr A, Supyen D, Lie W, Ung AT, Skelton BW, White AH. J. Nat. Prod. 2003; 66: 980
    • 15b Chaiyong S, Jatisatienr A, Mungkornasawakul P, Sastraruji T, Pyne SG, Ung AT, Urathamakul T, Lie W. J. Nat. Prod. 2010; 73: 1833
  • 16 Shengule SR, Willis AC, Pyne SG. Tetrahedron 2013; 69: 8042
  • 17 Duc XD, Willis AC, Pyne SG. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 35: 7682
  • 19 Mayer C, Romek A, Bach T. Synlett 2015; 26: 1505
    • 20a Chênevert R, Dickman M. J. Org. Chem. 1996; 61: 3332
    • 20b Chênevert R, Ziarani GM, Morin MP, Dasser M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999; 10: 3117
    • 21a Honda T, Matsukawa T, Takahashi K. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011; 9: 673
    • 21b Nakayama Y, Maeda Y, Kotatsu M, Sekiya R, Ichiki M, Sato T, Chida N. Chem. Eur. J. 2016; 22: 3300
  • 22 Mungkornasawakul P, Matthews H, Ung AT, Pyne SG, Jatisatienr A, Lie W, Skelton BW, White AH. ACGC Chem. Res. Commun. 2005; 19: 30
  • 23 For a review, see: Bhat C, Bugde ST, Tilve SG. Synthesis 2014; 46: 2551
  • 24 Nahm S, Weinreb SM. Tetrahedron Lett. 1981; 22: 3815
    • 25a Corey EJ, Bakshi RK, Shibata S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987; 109: 5551
    • 25b Corey EJ, Shibata S, Bakshi RK. J. Org. Chem. 1988; 53: 2861
    • 25c Corey EJ, Helal CJ. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998; 37: 1986
    • 25d For a recent application by our group, see: Proessdorf J, Zech A, Jandl C, Bach T. Synlett 2020; 31: 1598
  • 26 Coe D, Drysdale M, Philps O, West R, Young DW. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2002; 2459
  • 27 For a review, see: Plietker B. Synthesis 2005; 2453
  • 28 Kurose T, Tsukano C, Takemoto Y. Org. Lett. 2017; 19: 4762
    • 29a Robba M, Zaluski M.-C, Roques B. C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. C 1967; 264: 413
    • 29b Zaluski M.-C, Robba M, Bonhomme M. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1970; 1838
  • 30 Occiato EG, Galbo FL, Guarna A. J. Org. Chem. 2005; 70: 7324
    • 31a Bose KS, Marder TB. Org. Lett. 2014; 16: 4562
    • 31b Smith MJ, Lawler MJ, Kopp N, McLeod DD, Davulcu AH, Lin D, Katipally KR, Sfouggatakis C. Org. Process. Res. Dev. 2017; 21: 1859
  • 32 Wüst FR, Höhne A, Metz P. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2005; 3: 503
  • 33 Farina V, Kapadia S, Krishnan B, Wang C, Liebeskind LS. J. Org. Chem. 1994; 59: 5905
  • 34 Del Pozo J, Carrasco D, Perez-Temprano M, Garcia-Melchor M, Alvarez R, Casares JA, Espinet P. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013; 52: 2189
  • 35 Khurana JM, Gogia A. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1997; 29: 1
  • 36 Eibl C, Tomassoli I, Munoz L, Stokes C, Papke RL, Gündisch D. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013; 21: 7283
  • 37 Wu C, Miller PA, Miller MJ. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011; 21: 2611
  • 38 Xu F, Desmond R, Hoerrner RS, Humphrey RS, Humphrey GR, Itoh T, Journet M, Yoshikawa N, Zacuto MJ. WO2010/144293 A1, 2010

    • Reviews:
    • 39a Clennan EL, Pace A. Tetrahedron 2005; 61: 6665
    • 39b Montagnon T, Tofi M, Vassilikogiannakis G. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008; 41: 1001
    • 39c Montagnon T, Kalaitzakis D, Triantafyllakis M, Stratakis M, Vassilikogiannakis G. Chem. Commun. 2014; 50: 15480
    • 39d Ghogare AA, Greer A. Chem. Rev. 2016; 116: 8884
    • 39e Makarov AS, Uchuskin MG, Trushkov IV. Synthesis 2018; 50: 3059
  • 40 Luche JL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978; 100: 2226
  • 41 Xiao Q, Ren WW, Chen ZX, Sun TW, Li Y, Ye QD, Gong JX, Meng FK, You L, Liu YF, Zhao MZ, Xu LM, Shan ZH, Shi Y, Tang YF, Chen JH, Yang Z. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011; 50: 7373
  • 42 CCDC 2141828 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for compound 30. The data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures
    • 43a Zimmerman DM, Leander JD, Cantrell BE, Reel JK, Snoddy J, Mendelsohn LG, Johnson BG, Mitch CH. J. Med. Chem. 1993; 36: 2833
    • 43b Hirokawa Y, Morie T, Yamazaki H, Yoshida N, Kato S. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998; 8: 619
    • 44a Lindsay KB, Pyne SG. Synlett 2004; 779
    • 44b Markovic R, Baranac M, Stojanovic M. Synlett 2004; 1034
    • 44c Hu H, Peng Y, Yu T, Cheng S, Luo S, Zhu Q. Org. Lett. 2021; 23: 3636
  • 45 Higashi T, Isobe Y, Ouchi H, Suzuki H, Okazaki Y, Asakawa T, Furuta T, Wakimoto T, Kan T. Org. Lett. 2011; 13: 1089
  • 46 Lin LG, Dien PH, Tang CP, Ke CQ, Yang XZ, Ye Y. Helv. Chim. Acta 2007; 90: 2167
  • 47 Starr J, Brown MF, Aschenbrenner L, Caspers N, Che Y, Gerstenberger BS, Huband M, Knafels JD, Lemmon MM, Li C, McCurdy SP, McElroy E, Rauckhorst MR, Tomaras AP, Young JA, Zaniewski RP, Shanmugasundaram V, Han S. J. Med. Chem. 2014; 57: 3845
  • 48 For the synthesis of tetronate 10a, see: Knight DW, Pattenden G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1975; 635
    • 49a Baylis AM, Davies MP. H, Thomas EJ. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2007; 5: 3139
    • 49b Nagaki A, Yamashita H, Takahashi Y, Ishiuchi S, Imai K, Yoshida J. Chem. Lett. 2018; 47: 71
  • 50 Caravano A, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Brondello JM, Vincent SP, Sinay P. Chem. Eur. J. 2003; 9: 5888
    • 51a Muzart J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2010; 3779
    • 51b Wendlandt AE, Stahl SS. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015; 54: 14638
    • 51c Nicolaou KC, Zhong YL, Baran PS. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000; 122: 7596
    • 51d Fraga BM, Bressa C, Gonzalez-Vallejo V, Suarez S, Guillermo R. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011; 52: 7138
    • 51e Chen Y, Romaire JP, Newhouse TR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015; 137: 5875-5878
    • 52a Punniyamurthy T, Rout L. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2008; 252: 134
    • 52b McCann SD, Stahl SS. Acc. Chem. Res. 2015; 48: 1756
    • 53a MacAlpine GA, Raphael RA, Shaw A, Taylor AW, Wild HJ. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1976; 410
    • 53b Baylis AM, Helliwell M, Regan AC, Thomas EJ. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993; 411
    • 54a Csuk R, Glanzer BI. Tetrahedron 1991; 47: 1655
    • 54b Bannai K, Toru T, Oba T, Tanaka T, Okamura N, Watanabe K, Hazato A, Kurozumi S. Tetrahedron 1986; 42: 6735
    • 54c Solladie G, Dominguez C. J. Org. Chem. 1994; 59: 3898
    • 54d Frederic CJ. M, Tikad A, Fu J, Pan W, Zheng RB, Koizumi A, Xue X, Lowary TL, Vincent SP. Chem. Eur. J. 2016; 22: 15913
    • 55a Gedge DR, Pattenden G, Smith AG. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1986; 2127
    • 55b Airiau E, Chemin C, Girard N, Lonzi G, Mann A, Petricci E, Salvadori J, Taddei M. Synthesis 2010; 2901
    • 55c Walker JA. II, Chen JJ, Wise DS, Townsend LB. J. Org. Chem. 1996; 61: 2219
    • 56a Urban M, Pohl R, Klepetarova B, Hocek M. J. Org. Chem. 2006; 71: 7322
    • 56b Toribio G, Marjanet G, Alibes R, March P, Font J, Bayon P, Figueredo M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2011; 1534
    • 56c Alonso-Fernandez J, Benaiges C, Casas E, Alibes R, Bayon P, Busque F, Alvarez-Larena A, Figueredo M. Tetrahedron 2016; 72: 3500
    • 57a Kates MJ, Schauble JH. J. Org. Chem. 1994; 59: 494
    • 57b Nicola T, Vieser R, Eberbach W. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000; 527
    • 57c Minami Y, Yamada K, Hiyama T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013; 52: 10611
    • 58a Cacchi S, Fabrizi G, Moro L. J. Org. Chem. 1997; 62: 5327
    • 58b Ferraz HM. C, Sano MK, Nunes MR. S, Bianco GG. J. Org. Chem. 2002; 67: 4122
    • 58c Valduga CJ, Stefani HA, Petragnami N. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2002; 39: 639
    • 58d Gulias M, Rodriguez JR, Castedo L, Mascarenas JL. Org. Lett. 2003; 5: 1975
    • 58e Fang Y, Li C. Chem. Commun. 2005; 3574
    • 58f Kusakabe T, Kawai Y, Shen R, Mochida T, Kato K. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2012; 10: 3192
    • 58g Liu Y, Zhang Q, Du Y, Yu A, Zhang K, Meng X. RSC Adv. 2014; 4: 52629
  • 59 Kong C, Jana N, Driver TG. Org. Lett. 2013; 15: 824
  • 60 Beng TK, Gawley RE. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010; 132: 12216
  • 61 Harmata M, Hong X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003; 125: 5754
  • 62 Knight DW, Pattenden G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1979; 62