Methods Inf Med 1986; 25(03): 176-182
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1635465
Original Article
Schattauer GmbH

Group Theory Approach to Computer Translation of Medical German[*]

Die Anwendung des gruppentheoretischen Prinzips für die Computerübersetzung deutschen medizinischen Schrifttums ins Englische
G. W. Moore
1   From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Welch Medical Library of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and the Department of Pathology of Freiburg University School of Medicine, Freiburgi.Br., F.R.G.
,
U. N. Riede
1   From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Welch Medical Library of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and the Department of Pathology of Freiburg University School of Medicine, Freiburgi.Br., F.R.G.
,
R. A. Polacsek
1   From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Welch Medical Library of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and the Department of Pathology of Freiburg University School of Medicine, Freiburgi.Br., F.R.G.
,
R. E. Miller
1   From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Welch Medical Library of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and the Department of Pathology of Freiburg University School of Medicine, Freiburgi.Br., F.R.G.
,
G. M. Hutchins
1   From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Welch Medical Library of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and the Department of Pathology of Freiburg University School of Medicine, Freiburgi.Br., F.R.G.
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
19 February 2018 (online)

Summary

Computer translators have been studied for almost four decades, but recent advances in speed and storage capabilities have made such translators accessible to small computer users. We obtained the computer typesetting file for a German language medical textbook and wrote computer software sufficient to obtain a draft quality English language translation of the entire book, at a speed of 9,671 words per hour. This translator uses two external tables, namely a word and idiom list and a list of grammatical rules, which completely specify the behavior of the translator. The grammatical rule table satisfies the properties of a mathematical group, and the inverse operation for this group allows one in principle to convert this German to English translator into an English to German translator. For the larger problem of creating multilingual computer translators, the group theory inversion property may allow one to substantially reduce the effort of creating a separate translator for each language pair. Future development of computer translators will depend upon the wider availability of computer-readable documents and will be aided by use of vocabulary and grammatical rule tables with group theory properties which permit the invertability between language pairs.

Beinahe vier Jahrzehnte lang sind Computerprogramme zum Zweck der Sprachübersetzung entwickelt worden, aber erst das raschere Arbeitstempo und die größere Speicherkapazität der neuen Geräte haben solche Obersetzerprogramme den Benutzern von Mini- und Mikrocomputern zugänglich gemacht. Wir erhielten den auf Magnetband gespeicherten, für die Setzmaschine bestimmten Text eines deutschsprachigen medizinischen Lehrbuchs und entwik-kelten ein Computerprogramm, welches das ganze Buch mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 9671 Wörtern pro Stunde als ersten Entwurf übersetzte. Dieses Programm benutzt zwei externe Tabellen, nämlich eine Wörterliste einschließlich idiomatischer Terms und Fachausdrücke und eine Tabelle grammatikalischer Regeln. Diese beiden Tabellen allein bestimmen die Arbeitsweise des Programms. Die grammatikalische Regeltabelle besitzt die Eigenschaften einer mathematischen Gruppe, deren inverse Operation es prinzipiell ermöglicht, dieses deutsch-englische Obersetzerprogramm in einen englisch-deutschen Übersetzer zu verwandeln. Ein wichtiges Ziel wäre es, einen mehrsprachigen Computerübersetzer zu entwickeln. Die Inversion, eine Eigenschaft der Gruppentheorie, würde es ermöglichen, den Zeitaufwand für die Entwicklung mehrsprachiger Übersetzer erheblich herabzusetzen. Die zukünftige Weiterentwicklung von Computerübersetzern wird von der erhöhten Verfügbarkeit computerlesbarer Dokumente abhängen, wird aber auch durch den Gebrauch von Vokabellisten und Sprachregeltabellen unterstützt, die aufgrund ihrer gruppentheoretischen Eigenschaften die Inversion zwischen Sprachpaaren erlauben.

* Supported by Grant LM03651 from the National Library of Medicine


 
  • REFERENCES

  • 1 Adler C. P. Knochenkrankheiten. Diagnostik makroskopischer, histologischer und radiologischer Strukturveränderungen des Skeletts. Stuttgart – New York: Thie-me; 1983
  • 2 Aho A. V, Ullmann J. D. Principles of Compiler Design. Reading, Mass: Addi-son-Wesley; 1979
  • 3 Arbib M. A, Manes E. G. Monoids and Groups. In Arbib M. A, Manes E. G. Arrows, Structures and Functors. The Cat-egorial Imperative.. New York: Academic Press; 1975
  • 4 Bar-Hillel B. Language and Information. Selected Essays on Their Theory and Application. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wes-ley; 1964
  • 5 Barnett G. O. The Application of Computer-based Medical-record Systems in Ambulatory Practice. New Engl. J. Med 1984; 310: 1643-1650.
  • 6 Bulkeley W. M. Computers Gain as Language Translators Even Though Perfect not They Always. Wall Street J., Febr 1985; 6: 29
  • 7 Carbonell J. G, Cullingford R. E, Gershman A. V. Steps toward Knowledge-based Machine Translation. IEEE Trans. Pattern. Anal. Machin. Intel. PA-MI- 1981; 3: 376-392.
  • 8 Chomsky N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press; 1965
  • 9 Garcia-Hidalgo I, Dunham G. An Experiment in English-Spanish Automated Translation of Medical Language Data. Meth. Inform. Med 1981; 20: 38-46.
  • 10 Gladkij A. V, Mel’cuk I. A. Elements of Mathematical Statistics. Ed. by J. Lehr-berger. Berlin: Mouton Publ; 1983
  • 11 Horowitz G. L, Bleich H. L. Paper-chase: A Computer Program to Search the Medical Literature. New Engl. J. Med 1981; 305: 924-930.
  • 12 Hutchins W. J. Progress in Documentation. Machine Translation and Machine-aided Translation. J. Doc 1978; 34: 119-159.
  • 13 Jordan S. R, Brown A. F. R, Hutton F. C. Computerized Russian Translation at ORNL. J, Amer. Soc. Inform. Sci 1977; 28: 26-33.
  • 14 Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics. Publication 1416 A Report by the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee, Division of Behavioral Sciences, National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council; 1966: 1-34.
  • 15 Loh S. C. Machine Translation: Past, Present, and Future. ALLC Bull 1976; 4: 105-114.
  • 16 Locke W. N, Booth A. D. Historical Introduction. In Locke W. N, Booth A. D. (Eds) Machine Translation of Languages.. Cambridge, Mass: The Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and New York: Wiley; 1955
  • 17 Moore G. W, Hutchins G. M, Miller R. E. Strategies for Searching Medical Natural Language Text: Distribution of Words in the Anatomical Diagnoses of 7000 Autopsied Patients. Amer. J. Path 1984; 775: 36-41.
  • 18 Moore G. W, Miller R. E, Hutchins G. M. Microcomputer Translation for Medical Text: Theorem Verification for Chapter Two of Zeman’s Modal Logic. Adv. Math. Comput. Med. (In press).
  • 19 Moore G. W, Polacsek R. A, Erozan Y. S, de la Monte S. M, Miller R. E, Hutchins G. M, Riede U. N. Multilingual Translation Techniques in the Analysis of Narrative Medical Text. Comp. Progr. Biomed 1986; 22: 35-42.
  • 20 Moore G. W, Riede U. N, Polacsek R. A, Miller R. E, Hutchins G. M. Automated Translation of German to English Medical Text. Amer. J. Med. (In press).
  • 21 Schank R. C, Childers P. G. Experiments in Artificial Intelligence. Computer-world 1984; 10: 1-28.
  • 22 Tucker Jr A. B. A Perspective on Machine Translation: Theory and Practice. Commun. ACM 1984; 27: 322-329.
  • 23 Watanabe T, Ohsawa T, Suzuki T. A Simple Database Language for Personal Computers. Commun. ACM 1983; 26: 646-653.
  • 24 Wilks Y. An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Machine Translation. In Schank R. C, Colby K. M. (Eds) Computer Models of Thought and Language. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman; 1973: 114-151.
  • 25 Wilks Y. A Preferential, Pattern-seeking, Semantics for Natural Language Inference. Artif. Intel 1975; 6: 53-74.
  • 26 Wingert F. Medical Informatics. Berlin-Heidelberg – New York – Tokyo: Springer; 1981
  • 27 Winograd X. Computer Software for Working with Language. Sci. Amer 1984; 251: 130-145.
  • 28 Winograd X. Language as a Cognitive Process. Vol. 1: Syntax. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley; 1983