Der Birkenporling (Fomitopsis betulina)

Zusammenfassung

Die Verwendung von Fomitopsis betulina (Birkenporling) für die Behandlung verschiedener Leiden und Krankheiten ist bereits mehrere tausend Jahre lang bekannt. Als bioaktive Metaboliten wurden vorwiegend Triterpene, darunter die Polyporensäuren, und weitere Verbindungen isoliert. Zahlreiche In-vitro-Studien und einige In-vivo-Untersuchungen haben u. a. hemmende Wirkungen auf Krebszellen, immunmodulierende und antiinflammatorische Effekte gezeigt. Um das vorhandene Potenzial nicht nur in Form von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln, sondern auch als zugelassene Arzneimittel zu nutzen, sind jedoch weitere umfangreiche Forschungsarbeiten sowie die Einbeziehung der pharmazeutischen Industrie erforderlich.

Abstract

The use of Fomitopsis betulina (birch mushroom) for the treatment of various ailments and diseases has been known for several thousand years. Triterpenes including polyporenic acids and some further compounds have been isolated as bioactive metabolites. Numerous in-vitro and some in-vivo studies showed, among others, inhibiting effects on cancer cells, immunomodulating and antiinflammatory activities. However, further extensive research and the involvement of the pharmaceutical industry are required to exploit this potential not only in the form of food supplements but also as approved drugs.

Keywords

Birch bracket mushroom - Fomitopsis betulina - medicinal mushrooms - therapeutical potential

Schlüsselwörter

Birkenporling - Fomitopsis betulina - Bioaktivität - therapeutisches Potenzial

Publication History

Article published online:
17 April 2025

• Literatur

• 1 Pleszczynska M, Lemieszek MK, Siwulski M. et al. Fomitopsis betulina (formerly Piptoporus betulinus): the Iceman’s polypore fungus with modern biotechnological potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33: 83
• 2 Lemieszek MK, Langner E, Kaczor J. et al. Anticancer effect of fraction isolated from medicinal birch polypore mushroom, Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst (Aphyllophoromycetidadae): in vitro studies. Int J Med Mushrooms 2009; 11: 351-364
• 3 Stamets P. Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms. 3^rd ed. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press; 2000
• 4 Verekar SA, Gupta MK, Deshmukh SK. Fomitopsis betulina: A rich source of diverse bioactive metabolites. In: Sridhar KR, Deshmukh SK, eds. Advances in Macrofungi. Pharmaceuticals and Cosmeceuticals. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis; 2021.
• 5 Kim KM, Yoon YG, Jung HS. Evaluation of the monophyly of Fomitopsis using parsimony and MCMC methods. Mycologia 2005; 97: 812-822
• 6 Ortiz-Santana B, Lindner DL, Miettinen O. et al. A phylogenetic overview of the antrodia clade (Basidiomycota, Polyporales). Mycologia 2013; 105: 1391-1411
• 7 Han ML, Chen YY, Shen LL. et al. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the brown-rot fungi: Fomitopsis and its related genera. Fungal Diversity 2016; 80: 343-373
• 8 Li J, Li Z, Duan Y. et al. Secondary metabolites of Fomitopsis betulina: Chemical structures, biological activity and application prospects. J Fungi 2024; 10: 616
• 9 Peintner U, Pöder R, Pümpel T. The iceman’s fungi. Mycological Res 1998; 102: 1153-1162
• 10 Wasser SP. Medicinal mushroom science: history, current status, future trends, and unsolved problems. Int J Med Mushr 2010; 12: 1-16
• 11 Shamtsyan M, Konusova V, Maksimova Y. et al. Immunostimulating and anti-tumor action of extracts of several mushrooms. J Biotechnol 2004; 13: 77-83
• 12 Grienke U, Zöll M, Peintner U, Rollinger JM. European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 154: 564-583
• 13 Papp N, Rudolf K, Bencsik T, Czégényi D. Ethnomycological use of Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. and Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) P. Karst. in Transylvania, Romania. Genet Resour Crop Evol 2015; 64: 101-111
• 14 Rutalek R. Ethnomykologie – eine Übersicht. Österr Z Pilzkd 2002; 11: 79-94 https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/OestZPilz_11_0079-0092.pdf
• 15 Cross LC, Eliot CG, Heilbron IM, Jones ERH. Constituents of the higher fungi. Part I. The triterpene acids of Polyporus betulinus Fr. J Chem Soc (Resumed) 1940; 632-636
• 16 Cheng S, Eliaz I, Lin J, Sliva D. Triterpenes from Poria cocos suppress growth and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells through the downregulation of MMP-7. Int J Oncol 2013; 42: 1869-1874
• 17 Chen H, Liu J, Zhang H. et al. The betulinic acid production from betulin through biotransformation by fungi. Enzyme Microbial Technol 2009; 45: 175-180
• 18 Kindle S, Schuster M, Seebauer C. et al. Triterpenes for well-balanced scar formation in superficial wounds. Molecules 2016; 21: 1129
• 19 Reis FS, Pereira E, Barros L. et al. Biomolecule profiles in inedible wild mushrooms with antioxidant value. Molecules 2011; 16: 4328-4338
• 20 Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Benelli G. δ-Cadinene, Calarene and δ-4-Carene from Kadsura heteroclita essential oil as novel larvicides against malaria, dengue and filariasis mosquitoes. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 2016; 19: 565-571
• 21 Villares A, Mateo-Vivaracho L, Guillamón E. Structural features and healthy properties of polysaccharides occurring in mushrooms. Agriculture 2012; 2: 452-471
• 22 De Silva DD, Rapior S, Sudarman E. Bioactive metabolites from macrofungi: ethnopharmacology, biological activities and chemistry. Fungal Diversity 2013; 62: 1-40
• 23 Zhang M, Cui SW, Cheung PCK, Wan Q. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on their isolation process, structural characteristics and antitumor activity. Trends Food Sci Technol 2007; 18: 4-19
• 24 McNeela EA, Mills KH. Manipulating the immune system: humoral versus cell-mediated immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 51: 43-54
• 25 Sari M, Prange A, Lelley JI, Hambitzer R. Screening of beta-glucan contents in commercially cultivated and wild growing mushrooms. Food Chem 2017; 216: 45-51
• 26 Sari M, Toepler K, Roth C. et al. The birch bracket medicinal mushroom, Fomitopsis betulina (Agaricomycetes) - bioactive source for beta-glucan fraction with tumor cell migration blocking ability. Int J Med Mush 2020; 22: 1-13
• 27 Rahar S, Swami G, Nagpal N. et al. Preparation, characterization, and biological properties of β-glucans. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2011; 2: 94-103
• 28 Kizitska T, Barshteyn V, Sevindik M, Krupodorova T. Evaluation of Fomitopsis betulina strains for growth on different media and exopolysaccharide production. Arch Biological Sci 2024; 76: 257-265
• 29 Kawagishi H, Hamajima K, Inoue Y. Novel hydroquinone as a matrix metallo-proteinase inhibitor from the mushroom, Piptoporus betulinus . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66: 2748-2750
• 30 Rapior S, Cavalié S, Andary C. et al. Investigation of some volatile components of seven fresh wild mushrooms (Basidiomycetes). J Essential Oil Res 1996; 8: 199-201
• 31 Rösecke J, Pietsch M, König WA. Volatile constituents of wood-rotting basidiomycetes. Phytochemistry 2000; 54: 747-750
• 32 Schlegel B, Luhmann U, Härtl A, Gräfe U. Piptamine, a new antibiotic produced by Piptoporus betulinus Lu 9-1. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2000; 53: 973-974
• 33 Vunduk J, Klaus A, Kozarski M. et al. Did the Iceman know better? Screening of the medicinal properties of the birch polypore medicinal mushroom, Piptoporus betulinus (Higher Basidiomycetes). Int J Med Mush 2015; 17: 1113-1125
• 34 Nowartaska P, Janeczek M, Wiatrak B. Cytotoxic activity of Fomitopsis betulina against normal and cancer cells – a comprehensive literature review. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2024; 28: 191-200
• 35 Grunewald F, Steinborn C, Huber R. et al. Effects of birch polypore mushroom, Piptoporus betulinus (Agaricomycetes), the "Iceman's fungus", on human immune cells. Int J Med Mushrooms 2018; 20: 1135-1147
• 36 Cui YL, Li B. Hypoglycemic effects of edible fungus polysaccharides: A mini review. Food & Medicine Homology 2024; 2: 1
• 37 Flekhter OB, Karachurina LT, Poroĭkov VV. et al. Synthesis of the lupane group triterpenoids and there hepatoprotective activity. Bioorg Khim 2000; 26: 215-223
• 38 Tolstikov GA, Flekhter OB, Schultz EE. et al. Betulin and its derivatives. Chemistry and Biological Activity. Chem Sustainable Dev 2005; 13: 1-29 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228650618_Betulin_and_Its_Derivatives_Chemistry_and_Biological_Activity
• 39 Flekhter OB, Karachurina LT, Nigmatullina LR. et al. Synthesis and pharmacological activity of betulin dinicotinate. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2002; 28: 494-500 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lidia_Baltina/publication/226461582_Synthesis_and_Pharmacological_Activity_of_Betulin_Dinicotinate/links/5c4361c8458515a4c731d6ea/Synthesis-and-Pharmacological-Activity-of-Betulin-Dinicotinate.pdf
• 40 Kamo T, Asanoma M, Shibata H, Hirota M. Anti-inflammatory lanostane-type triterpene acids from Piptoporus betulinus . J Nat Prod 2003; 66: 1104-1106
• 41 Marcus S. Antibacterial activity of the triterpenoid acid (polyporenic acid C) and of ungulinic acid, metabolic products of Polyporus benzoinus (Wahl.) Fr. Biochem J 1952; 50: 516-517
• 42 Alresly Z, Lindequist U, Lalk M. et al. Bioactive triterpenes from the fungus Piptoporus betulinus . Rec Nat Prod 2015; 10: 103-108 https://www.acgpubs.org/doc/2018080518045712-RNP-1410-220.pdf
• 43 Wang Y, Chen R, Yang Z, Wen Q, Cao X, Zhao N, Yan J. Protective effects of polysaccharides in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14: 917629
• 44 Badalyan SM, Rapior S. The neurotrophic and neuroprotective potential of macrofungi. In: Agrawal DC, Dhanasekaran M, eds. Medicinal Herbs and Fungi. Singapore: Springer; 2001.
• 45 Cyranka M, Graz M, Kaczor J. et al. Investigation of antiproliferative effect of ether and ethanol extracts of birch polypore medicinal mushroom, Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.:Fr.) P. Karst. (Higher Basidiomycetes) in vitro grown mycelium. Int J Med Mushr 2011; 13: 525-533
• 46 Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Szewczyk A, Galanty A. et al. Chemical composition and biological activity of extracts from fruiting bodies and mycelial cultures of Fomitopsis betulina . Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45: 2535-2544