DOI:
        10.1055/s-00000009
      
      
        American Journal of Perinatology
       
      
        
          
            Issue 02 · 
           Volume 41 · 
           January 2024
            
           
           DOI: 10.1055/s-014-58876  
          
          
      
      
      
        
      
        
      
      
       
    
  
  
        
        
  
  
    
      Accepted Manuscripts
     
  
  
  
    
      eFirst
     
  
  
  
    
      
        Issue
      
     
  
  
  
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
  
    
      Most Read
     
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
    
      
    
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
    Podcasts
   
  
  
        
          
            
              
              
              
                
                  
                    
                    
                      
                          
                          
                            SMFM Fellowship Series Article 
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        115
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Soffer, Marti D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              James, Kaitlyn E.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Thaweethai, Tanayott; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Callahan, Michael; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Barth, William H.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Powe, Camille E.: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        122
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Austin, Brittany A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              McFarling, Kelli M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Likins, Benjamin; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chapman, Alison; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Cuff, Ryan D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Head, Barbara; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Finneran, Matthew M.: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                            Original Article 
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        127
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Judy, Amy E.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Frymoyer, Adam; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ansari, Jessica; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Drover, David R.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Carvalho, Brendan: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        134
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Barnette, Brian W.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Schumacher, Benjamin T.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Armenta, Richard F.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wynn, James L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Richardson, Andrew; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Bradley, John S.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lazar, Sarah; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lawrence, Shelley M.: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        143
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Abdelmaksoud, Shaimaa Reda; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Mostafa, Mostafa Abdel-Azim; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Khashaba, Rana Atef; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Assar, Effat: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        150
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Hall, Clinton; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Romano, Celeste J.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Bukowinski, Anna T.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Gumbs, Gia R.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Dempsey, Kaitlyn N.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Poole, Aaron T.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Conlin, Ava Marie S.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lamb, Shannon V.: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        160
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Tita, Alan T. N.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              McGee, Paula L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Reddy, Uma M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Bloom, Steven L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Varner, Michael W.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ramin, Susan M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Caritis, Steve N.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Peaceman, Alan M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sorokin, Yoram; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sciscione, Anthony; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Carpenter, Marshall W.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Mercer, Brian M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Thorp, John M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Malone, Fergal D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Buhimschi, Catalin; 
              
            
          
            
              
              
                
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                
                
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                  
                
                
                  for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network: 
                
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        167
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Connolly, Courtney T.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Hill, Melissa B.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Klahr, Rebecca A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Zafman, Kelly B.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rebarber, Andrei; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fox, Nathan S.: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        174
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Mantle, Ashley; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Yang, Michelle J.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Judkins, Allison; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chanthavong, Iwa; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Yoder, Bradley A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chan, Belinda: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        180
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Maneenil, Gunlawadee; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Premprat, Nutchana; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Janjindamai, Waricha; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Dissaneevate, Supaporn; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Phatigomet, Manapat; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Thatrimontrichai, Anucha: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        187
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Salmanian, Bahram; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Shamshirsaz, Amir A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fox, Karin A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Asl, Nazlisadat Meshinchi; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Erfani, Hadi; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Detlefs, Sarah E.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Coburn, Michael; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Espinoza, Jimmy; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Nassr, Ahmed; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Belfort, Michael A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Clark, Steven L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Shamshirsaz, Alireza A.: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        193
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Wu, Liyuan; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wan, Lijia; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Peng, Min; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Cao, Tian; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wang, Qin; 
              
            
          
            
              
              He, Xiaori: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        199
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Getahun, Darios; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Peltier, Morgan R.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lurvey, Lawrence D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Shi, Jiaxiao M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Braun, David; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sacks, David A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Burgos, Anthony E.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fong, Alex; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Trivedi, Neha; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Yasumura, Lyn; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Reynolds, Kristi; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Nguyen, Marielle; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Volodarskiy, Marianna; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chiu, Vicki Y.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lopez, Adrian H.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fassett, Michael J.: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                            Clinical Opinion 
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        208
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Pardo, Christina; 
              
            
          
            
              
              McLaren, Rodney; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Minkoff, Howard: 
              
            
          
       
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
 
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        211
      
    
   
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Mani, Srinivasan; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rawat, Munmun: