DOI:
        10.1055/s-00000009
      
      
        American Journal of Perinatology
      
      
        
          
            Ausgabe 08 ·
           Volume 38 ·
           Juli 2021
            
          
           DOI: 10.1055/s-011-51164 
          
          
          
  
    
      
    
  
  
        
        
  
  
    
  
  
  
    
  
  
  
    
  
  
  
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
      
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
    
  
  
    
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
    
      
    
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
        
          
            
              
              
              
                
                  
                    
                    
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            SMFM Fellowship Series Article
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        753
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Premkumar, Ashish; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Yee, Lynn M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Benes, Lia; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Miller, Emily S.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        759
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Kawakita, Tetsuya; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Franco, Stephanie; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ghofranian, Atoosa; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Thomas, Alexandra; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Landy, Helain J.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        766
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Chornock, Rebecca; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Iqbal, Sara N.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wang, Tiffany; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kodama, Samantha; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kawakita, Tetsuya; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fries, Melissa: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                            
                            Original Article
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        773
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Higgins Joyce, Alanna; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sengupta, Arnab; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Garfield, Craig F.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Myers, Patrick: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        779
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Naqvi, Mariam; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Naert, Mackenzie N.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Khadraoui, Hanaa; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rodriguez, Alberto M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Namath, Amalia G.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ali, Munira; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fox, Nathan S.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        784
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Matthews, Kathy C.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fox, Nathan S.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rebarber, Andrei: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        791
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Xie, Xiaohua; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chen, Xueyu; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sun, Panpan; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Cao, Aifen; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Zhuang, Yanzhu; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Xiong, Xiaoyun; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Yang, Chuanzhong: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        796
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Isayama, Tetsuya; 
              
            
          
            
              
              O'Reilly, Daria; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Beyene, Joseph; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lee, Shoo K.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Shah, Prakesh S.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Guttmann, Astrid; 
              
            
          
            
              
              McDonald, Sarah D.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        804
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Ang, Jocelyn Y.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Arrieta, Antonio; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Bradley, John S.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Zhang, Zufei; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Yu, Brian; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rizk, Matthew L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Johnson, Matthew G.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Rhee, Elizabeth G.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        810
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Badreldin, Nevert; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Peress, Danielle A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Yee, Lynn M.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Battarbee, Ashley N.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        816
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Tucker, Ann R.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Brown, Haywood L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Dotters-Katz, Sarah K.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        821
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Krick, Jeanne A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Weiss, Elliott Mark; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Snyder, Anna; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Haldar, Shefali; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Campelia, Georgina D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Opel, Douglas J.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        828
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Schulpis, Kleopatra H.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Molou, Elina; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Manta-Vogli, Penelope; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Dotsikas, Yannis; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Thodi, Georgia; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Chatzidaki, Maria; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Loukas, Yannis L.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        834
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Zhang, Yiqi; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lan, Xi; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Cai, Congjie; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Li, Run; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Gao, Yan; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Yang, Liuqing; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wu, Cheng; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Dong, Hongli; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Pang, Xinxin; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Bai, Dan; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Zeng, Guo: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        841
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Mitta, Melanie; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sanchez-Ramos, Luis; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Roeckner, Jared T.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Bennett, Stevie; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kovacs, Andrew; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kaunitz, Andrew M.: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        848
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Ranjit, Anju; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Andriotti, Tomas; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Madsen, Cathaleen; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Koehlmoos, Tracey; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Staat, Barton; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Witkop, Catherine; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Little, Sarah E.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Robinson, Julian: 
              
            
          
      
    
    
    
    
      
      
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
      
        
      
    
   
                      
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                            
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
  
  
    
      
        857
      
    
  
  
  
    
    
    
      
    
    
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
            
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              Sutton, Desmond; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Wen, Timothy; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Staniczenko, Anna P.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Huang, Yongmei; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Andrikopoulou, Maria; 
              
            
          
            
              
              D'Alton, Mary; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Feinberg, Bruce B.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Fuchs, Karin; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Goffman, Dena; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Gyamfi-Bannerman, Cynthia; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Kahe, Ka; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Landau, Ruth; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Lasky, James A.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Miller, Russell; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Ntoso, Amma D.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Panzer, Alexis; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Sheen, Jean-Ju; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Simpson, Lynn L.; 
              
            
          
            
              
              Friedman, Alexander M.: