Zusammenfassung
Die Rate an Frühgeburten ist in den letzten 20 Jahren deutlich angestiegen, Frühgeburten
sind für mindestens 75 % aller neonatalen Todesfälle verantwortlich. Mehrheitlich
besteht die Auffassung, dass zwischen der 24 + 0 und der abgeschlossenen 33. SSW ein
expektatives Management im Hinblick auf die Senkung der neonatalen Morbidität und
Mortalität zu empfehlen ist. Die medikamentöse Wehenhemmung mit Betaagonisten, Atosiban
oder Kalziumantagonisten führt zu einer Schwangerschaftsverlängerung um mindestens
48 Stunden in 90 % der Fälle, für die Effizienz einer Dauertokolyse fehlen bisher
evidenzbasierte Daten. Primäre Ziele der Tokolyse sind der Abschluss der medikamentösen
Lungenreifung und die Verlegung der Schwangeren in ein Perinatalzentrum. Obligat in
der Behandlung der drohenden Frühgeburt ist die medikamentöse Lungenreifeinduktion
mit Betamethason, mit der eine signifikante Senkung der neonatalen Morbidität und
Mortalität erreicht wird. Eine Wiederholung der Glukokortikoidgabe wird derzeit nicht
routinemäßig empfohlen. Die Applikation von Antibiotika führt bei drohender Frühgeburt
ohne vorzeitigen Blasensprung zu keiner Senkung der Frühgeburtenrate sowie der perinatalen
und neonatalen Mortalität. Klinisch symptomatische Infektionen in der Schwangerschaft
(z. B. bakterielle Vaginose) sollten frühzeitig behandelt werden. Supportive Maßnahmen
wie Bettruhe, Hydratation oder die Gabe von Sedativa sind keine evidenzbasierten Maßnahmen.
Bei Schwangeren mit ≥ 3 Spontangeburten/Frühgeburt in der Anamnese wird eine prophylaktische
Cerclage empfohlen. Die sonografische Messung der Zervixlänge im II. Trimenon bei
Schwangeren mit belasteter Anamnese ist eine geeignete Maßnahme zur Abschätzung des
Risikos für eine Frühgeburt, eine therapeutische Cerclage ist bei Schwangeren mit
einer Zervixlänge in der 18.–22. SSW < 2,5 cm und belasteter Anamnese mit einer signifikanten
Senkung der Frühgeburtenrate assoziiert. Zur Prävention der Frühgeburt empfehlen jüngste
Studien die Gabe von Progesteron (Progesteron vaginal 100 mg in der 24.–34. SSW, wöchentliche
intramuskuläre Gabe von 250 mg 17-α-Hydroxy-Progesteroncaproat zwischen der 20. und
36. SSW), mit der im Vergleich zu Placebo eine deutliche Senkung der Frühgeburtenrate
erreicht wurde. Derzeit wird die prophylaktische Anwendung von Progesteron bei anderen
Risikokollektiven für eine Frühgeburt in randomisierten Studien geprüft.
Abstract
The frequency of preterm birth has increased markedly during the past two decades.
Preterm births are responsible for more than 75 % of all neonatal deaths. There is
general agreement that expectative management is recommended between the 24th and
34th weeks of gestation to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. Tocolytic therapy
with beta-agonists, atosiban or calcium channel blockers succeeds in prolonging pregnancy
for at least 48 hours in 90 % of cases; however, sufficient data is not available
to date which would confirm the efficacy of maintenance tocolysis. The primary aims
of tocolytic therapy are to allow the administration of a complete course of antepartal
glucocorticosteroids in order to achieve foetal lung maturation and to arrange in
utero transfer to a specialised perinatal centre. There is good evidence suggesting
that antenatal application of glucocorticosteroids, mainly betamethasone, leads to
a significant reduction in neonatal morbidity and mortality. At present, repeat dose(s)
of glucocorticosteroids cannot be recommended for routine practice. The prophylactic
administration of antibiotics is not indicated in cases of threatened preterm labour
without rupture of the membranes. Symptomatic bacterial infections, such as bacterial
vaginosis, should be treated as early as possible during pregnancy. Commonly used
strategies such as bed rest, hydration or sedation are not evidence-based measures.
Cervical cerclage is still a matter of debate in the current literature. An elective
cerclage should be offered to patients with a history of ≥ 3 unexplained midtrimester
pregnancy losses or preterm deliveries. Midtrimester transvaginal ultrasonography
to measure the cervical length is an effective way of identifying pregnant women at
high risk for preterm birth. Therapeutic cerclage in patients with previous second
trimester abortions/preterm birth(s) and presenting a cervical length < 2.5 cm significantly
reduces the risk of later preterm birth and non-significantly the rate of perinatal
mortality. Recent studies have confirmed the beneficial effect of progesterone to
prevent recurrent preterm birth (vaginal progesterone 100 mg daily or 250 mg of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
caproate weekly). The efficacy of prophylactic progesterone application in different
high-risk populations is currently under investigation.
Schlüsselwörter
Management der Frühgeburt - Tokolyse - medikamentöse Lungenreifung - Antibiose - Cerclage
- Progesteron
Key words
management of preterm birth - tocolysis - antenatal glucocorticosteroids - antibiotics
- cerclage - progesterone
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Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. W. Rath
Direktor der Universitäts-Frauenklinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe
Pauwelsstraße 30
52074 Aachen
Email: wrath@ukaachen.de