Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung/Ziel: Ziel dieser experimentellen Studie war es, funktionelle Endresultate nach entweder
ein- oder zweizeitiger freier funktioneller Muskeltransplantation (FFMT) zu vergleichen.
Dazu wurde das bereits etablierte „M. scutuloauricularis-Modell“ am New-Zealand-White
(NZW)-Kaninchen herangezogen. Methode und Material: 30 NZW-Kaninchen wurden in 2 Gruppen zu jeweils 15 Tieren aufgeteilt. In Gruppe 1
(einzeitiges Vorgehen) wurde der M. peroneus brevis (PB) als freies Transplantat mit
einem 7 cm langen motorischen Nervenast gehoben. Der Muskel wurde anstelle des rechten
M. scutuloauricularis (SCUT) unter mikrochirurgischer Wiederherstellung seiner Durchblutung
in das Gesicht des Kaninchens transplantiert. Sein 7 cm langer motorischer Nervenast
wurde zur kontralateralen Seite transferiert und mit dem bereits abgelösten motorischen
N. facialis-Ast zum linken SCUT koaptiert. Vor der Durchführung der Koaptation wurden
vom durchtrennten N. facialis-Ast Biopsien für die morphologische Analyse entnommen.
In Gruppe 2 (zweizeitiges Vorgehen) erfolgte zuerst das Heben eines 7 cm langen N.
saphenus-Nerventransplantates, welches mit dem durchtrennten linken N. facialis-Ast
zum SCUT koaptiert und zur Gegenseite transferiert wurde. Vor der Koaptation wurden
Nervenbiopsien entnommen. Nach 8 Monaten erfolgte die FFMT des PB, wobei dabei das
distale Ende des N. saphenus-Transplantates mit dem motorischen Nervenast des PB koaptiert
wurde. Nach einer Gesamt-Reinnervationsperiode von 13 Monaten ab der ersten Operation
wurden in beiden Gruppen die Nachuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde die maximale
tetanische Kraft des reinnervierten PB gemessen sowie die entnommenen Nerven- und
Muskelbiopsien histomorphologisch analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die PB Transplantate der Gruppe 1 erzielten maximal tetanische Werte von 12,5 ± 3,1 N
im Vergleich zu 10,6 ± 3,5 N der Gruppe 2. Dieser Unterschied in der Kraftentwicklung
war statistisch nicht signifikant (p = 0,303). In Gruppe 1 war die Anzahl an myelinisierten
Nervenfasern, welche direkt am Eintrittspunkt des motorischen Astes in den PB gezählt
wurden (2798 ± 1242), deutlich höher (p = 0,008) als in der Vergleichsgruppe (1138 ± 1004).
Die Morphologie der PB-Transplantate zeigte in Gruppe 1 deutlich weniger Typ-I-Fasern
(p = 0,016) und mehr Typ-II b/d-Fasern (p = 0,011) im Vergleich zu Gruppe 2. Dennoch
zeigte der Bindegewebeanteil innerhalb des Muskelgewebes im Gruppenvergleich keinen
signifikanten Unterschied (p = 0,478). Schlussfolgerungen: Die einzeitige FFMT erzielte im Tierexperiment ähnliche funktionelle Resultate wie
beim zweizeitigen Vorgehen. Bemerkenswert ist, dass trotz länger dauernder Denervationszeit
des PB in Gruppe 1 der Bindegewebsanteil, als Ausdruck einer Denervationsatrophie,
im Vergleich zu Gruppe 2 nicht signifikant unterschiedlich war.
Abstract
Purpose/Background: To investigate functional results of either one- or two-staged free muscle transplantation,
the scutuloauricularis model in the New Zealand white rabbits was used. Method and Material: 30 rabbits were divided into 2 groups with 15 animals each. In group 1 (one-stage
approach) the peroneus brevis (PB) muscle was harvested as a free muscle graft with
a 7-cm long motor branch. The graft was positioned in the place of the right scutuloauricularis
(SCUT) and its vascular supply microsurgically re-established. The motor branch was
transferred to the contralateral side and its proximal end coapted to the cut facial
motor branch to the left SCUT. Before nerve coaptation, biopsies were harvested from
the cut motor branch for morphological analysis. In group 2 (two-stage approach) a
7-cm long saphenous nerve graft was taken and coapted to the cut motor branch of the
SCUT and crossed over to the contralateral side. Nerve specimens from the cut motor
branch were taken. Eight months later, free transplantation of the PB was performed
and its motor branch coapted to the distal end of the cross-over nerve graft. After
a total time period of 13 months the final experiments were carried out in each group.
Maximal tetanic tensions in the reinnervated PB were measured and biopsies of muscle
grafts together with nerve biopsies from the distal part of the motor branch were
harvested for morphological analysis. Results: Muscle grafts of group 1 revealed tetanic tension values of 12.5 N (SD 3.1) in comparison
to 10.6 N (SD 3.5) obtained in group 2. This difference was not statistically significant
(p = 0.303). In group 1 the amount of regenerated nerve fibres counted at the distal
motor branch site (mean: 2798, SD 1242) was significantly higher (p = 0.008) than
in group 2 (mean: 1138, SD 1004). Muscle graft morphology revealed significantly less
type I fibres (p = 0.016) and more type II b/d fibres (p = 0.011) in group 1 compared
to group 2. However, the overall amount of perimysial connective tissue showed no
significant difference in both groups (p = 0.478). Conclusion: Free muscle transplantation in a one-stage approach offers similar functional results
in comparison to the two-stage approach. Although muscle grafts of the one-stage transplantation
underwent a longer period of denervation, similar contents of perimysial connective
tissue could be observed.
Schlüsselwörter
Fazialislähmung - Kaninchen - Muskeltransplantation - Muskelreinnervation - einzeitiges/zweizeitiges
Vorgehen - funktionelle/morphologische Analyse
Key words
facial paralysis - rabbit - muscle grafting - muscle reinnervation - one‐step/two‐step
approach - functional/morphological examination
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Matthias Rab
Abteilung für Plastische und Wiederherstellungschirurgie Wilhelminenspital der Stadt Wien
Montleartstraße 37
1160 Wien
Österreich
Email: matthias.rab@wienkav.at