Zusammenfassung
Mit zunehmenden Erkenntnissen über die Bedeutung der osteoklastären Knochenresorption,
vermittelt über das RANKL-RANK-OPG-System bei postmenopausaler, glukokortikoidinduzierter
und entzündungsassoziierter Osteoporose und im Prozess der Destruktion des periartikulären
Knochens bei rheumatoider Arthritis (RA) wächst das Interesse an einer Kombination
von antiinflammatorischen und antiosteoklastären Therapieprinzipien zur Hemmung der
Gelenkdestruktion bei Patienten mit RA. Aufgrund suppressiver Effekte auf die osteoklastäre
Knochenresorption sowie zusätzlicher antiinflammatorischer Effekte, wie Hemmung der
Sekretion von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen und Matrix-Metalloproteinasen, bieten
sich die relativ nebenwirkungsarmen Bisphosphonate als antiosteoklastäres und potenziell
antiinflammatorisches adjuvantes Therapieprinzip bei RA an. Bisphosphonate wurden
in verschiedenen Arthritismodellen als auch in kleineren Studien bei Patienten mit
RA hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit auf Entzündung, Gelenkdestruktion und periartikuläre
Knochenresorption untersucht. Während im Tiermodell übereinstimmend für verschiedene
Bisphosphonate eine Hemmung des periartikulären Knochenmasseverlusts bzw. der Knochenresorption
nachgewiesen werden konnte, sind die Befunde hinsichtlich der Suppression von Gelenkdestruktion
und Entzündung nicht einheitlich. Für neu entwickelte hochpotente Bisphosphonate wie
Zoledronat konnte nicht nur im Tiermodell, sondern auch bei RA-Patienten ein hemmender
Effekt auf die Knochenerosion gezeigt werden. Die Beurteilung der in Tiermodellen
gewonnenen Ergebnisse wird dadurch erschwert, dass verschiedene Substanzen in Arthritis-Modellen
mit unterschiedlicher Pathogenese in differenten Dosierungen zum Einsatz kamen. Außerdem
wurden Bisphosphonat-Effekte auf Knochen, Entzündung und Gelenkdestruktion mit unterschiedlichen
Methoden und Methodenkombinationen untersucht. Sowohl tierexperimentelle Daten als
auch Untersuchungen bei RA-Patienten weisen darauf hin, dass für die Hemmung von Gelenkdestruktion
und Entzündung wesentlich höhere Dosierungen erforderlich sind als für die Hemmung
der osteoklastären Knochenresorption. Unklar ist, inwieweit die zur Hemmung der Entzündung
erforderlichen Dosierungen eine Übersuppression des Knochenumbaus bedingen. Die vorliegende
Übersicht gibt einen Überblick über die in Tiermodellen und bei RA gewonnen Erkenntnisse
über Bisphosphonat-Effekte auf Entzündung und die arthritisassoziierte Knochendestruktion.
Abstract
In context with the increasing evidence for the significance of osteoclastic bone
resorption mediated by the RANKL-RANK-OPG system in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal,
glucocorticoid-induced and inflammation-associated osteoporosis as well as in joint
destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there is an increasing interest in the combination
of anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastic therapies in RA. Because of their suppressive
effects on both osteoclastic bone resorption and inflammation due to inhibitory effects
on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, bisphosphonates
are implicated to be a useful adjuvant therapy in RA. Furthermore, these substances
are relatively cheap and have only few side effects. The effects of various bisphosphonates
on inflammation, joint destruction and periarticular bone resorption were investigated
in different animal models of RA and also in some small studies in RA patients. In
various animal models, a suppressive effect of different non-amino- and aminobisphosphonates
on periarticular bone resorption was found. But the results with respect to the inhibition
of joint and cartilage destruction and inflammation are inconsistent. Newly developed,
highly potent aminobisphosphonates such as zoledronate have been shown to inhibit
articular bone erosion not only in animal models but also in RA. The assessment of
data from animal models is difficult because various bisphosphonates were administered
in different doses in heterogeneous animal models with a partly different pathogenesis.
Furthermore, the effects of bisphophonates on bone and joint destruction were investigated
using different methods or combinations of these methods. Data from animal models
and from RA patients have shown that the doses of bisphosphonates necessary for the
suppression of inflammation and joint destruction are significantly higher than those
needed for the inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption. It is not clear whether
or not these relatively high bisphosphonate doses may result in an oversuppression
of bone turnover. The effects of various bisphosphonates on joint destruction and
inflammation in RA and animal models of RA are reviewed systematically and discussed
in this contribution.
Schlüsselwörter
rheumatoide Arthritis - Arthritismodelle - Gelenkdestruktion - Bisphosphonate
Key words
rheumatoid arthritis - animal models of rheumatoid arthritis - joint destruction -
bisphosphonates
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PD Peter Oelzner
Selbständiger Funktionsbereich Rheumatologie und Osteologie, Medizinische Klinik III,
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Erlanger Allee 101
07740 Jena
Phone: ++ 49/36 41/9 32 43 26
Fax: ++ 49/36 41/9 32 68 42
Email: Peter.Oelzner@med.uni-jena.de