Zusammenfassung
Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen können die Lebensqualität frühzeitig deutlich einschränken
und stellen nach wie vor die häufigste Todesursache dar. Zahlreiche Veröffentlichungen,
darunter eine Reihe eindrucksvoller klinischer Studien, sind in den letzten Jahren
über den Granatapfel und seine herausragenden protektiven und ernährungstherapeutischen
Wirkungen auf das Herz-Kreislauf-System erschienen. Über verschiedenste zellregulatorische,
antiinflammatorische und antioxidative Effekte wirken die natürlichen Pflanzenstoffe
des Granatapfels der Pathogenese der Arteriosklerose entgegen. So vermochte der
auch für Diabetiker gesunde Saft in einer Reihe klinischer Studien deutlich
die Myokarddurchblutung bei KHK-Patienten zu verbessern und arteriosklerotische
Ablagerungen in der Karotis zu reduzieren.
Die außerordentliche antioxidative Kraft von Granatapfelsaft in vitro bestätigt
sich in einer deutlichen Steigerung des Gesamt-Antioxidanzien-Status (TAS) beim
Menschen. Granatapfelsaft und fermentierte Essenzen modulieren Entzündungsprozesse.
Hierbei dürfte die Aktivierungshemmung von NF-kappa-B, die in neun Studien nachgewiesen
wurde, eine zentrale Rolle spielen.
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases can prematurely limit the quality of life and are still
the major cause of death. In recent years numerous research data, amongst them
remarkable clinical studies, have been published on pomegranate and its protective
and nutritionally therapeutic effects on the cardiovascular system. Via diverse
cell regulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pathways, the natural plant
substances of pomegranates prevent and counteract the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.
In a couple of clinical studies the juice that has been shown to be also beneficial
for diabetics, significantly improved the myocardiac perfusion of patients with
cardiovascular disease and reduced arteriosclerotic lesions of the carotis. The
exceptional anti-oxidative power of pomegranate juice in vitro has been confirmed
in humans in a significant increase of the total antioxidant status (TAS). Pomegranate
juice and fermented essences modulate inflammatory processes. The blockage of
the activation of NF-kappa-B which has been shown in 8 studies may play a central
role therein.
Schlüsselwörter
Granatapfel - Arteriosklerose - Immunmodulation - Antioxidans
Keywords
Pomegranate - arteriosclerosis - immune modulation - antioxidant
Literatur
- 01
Abd El Wahab S M, Fiki N M, Mostafa S F, Hassan A E B.
Characterization of certain steroid hormones in Punica granatum L. seeds.
Bull. Fac. Pharm. (Cairo University).
1998;
36
(1)
11-15
- 02
Adams L S, Seeram N P, Aggarwal B B, Takada Y, Sand D, Heber D.
Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins, and punicalagin suppress
inflammatory cell signaling in colon cancer cells.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
2006;
54
980-985
- 03
Afaq F, Malik A, Syed D, Maes D, Matsui M S, Mukhtar H.
Pomegranate fruit extract modulates UV-B-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated
protein kinases and activation of nuclear factor kappaB in normal human epidermal
keratinocytes paragraph sign.
Photochemistry and Photobiology.
2005;
81
38-45
- 04
Afaq F, Saleem M, Krueger C G, Reed J D, Mukhtar H.
Anthocyanin- and hydrolyzable tannin-rich pomegranate fruit extract modulates
MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways and inhibits skin tumorigenesis in CD-1 mice.
International Journal of Cancer.
2005;
113
423-433
- 05
Ahmed S, Wang N, Hafeez B B, Cheruvu V K, Haqqi T M.
Punica granatum L. extract inhibits IL-1beta-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases
by inhibiting the activation of MAP kinases and NF-kappaB in human chondrocytes
in vitro.
Journal of Nutrition.
2005;
135
2096-2102
- 06
Albrecht M. et al .
Pomegranate extracts potently suppress proliferation, xenograft growth, and
invasion of human prostate cancer cells.
Journal of Medicinal Food.
2004;
7
274-283
- 07
Ajaikumar A B, Asheef M, Babu B H, Padikkala J.
The inhibition of gastric mucosal injury by Punica granatum L. (pomegranate)
methanolic extract.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
2005;
96
171-176
- 08
Aviram M. et al. .
Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications
to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein
E-deficient mice.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
2000;
71
1062-1076
- 09
Aviram M.
Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis
reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation.
Clinical Nutrition.
2004;
23
423-433
- 10
Azadzoi K M, Schulman R N, Aviram M, Siroky M B.
Oxidative stress in arteriogenic erectile dysfunction: prophylactic role of
antioxidants.
Journal of Urology.
2005;
174
386-393
- 11
Azmi A S, Bhat S H, Hanif S, Hadi S M.
Plant polyphenols mobilize endogenous copper in human peripheral lymphocytes
leading to oxidative DNA breakage: a putative mechanism for anticancer properties.
FEBS Lett.
2006;
23, 580
(2)
533-538
- 12
Boukef K, Souissi H R, Balansard G.
Contribution to the study of plants used in traditional medicine in Tunisia.
Plant Medicine and Phytotherapy.
1982;
16
260-279
- 13
Brewer G J. et al. .
Treatment of metastasic cancer with tetrathiomolybdate, an anticopper, antiangiogenic
agent: Phase I Study.
Clinc. Cancer Res..
2000;
6
1-10
- 14
Caceres A, Giron L M, Alvarado S R, Torres M F.
Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for
the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
1987;
20
223-237
- 15
Cerda B, Ceron J J, Tomas-Barberan F A, Espin J C.
Repeated oral administration of high doses of the pomegranate ellagitannin punicalagin
to rats for 37 days is not toxic.
J Agric Food Chem..
2003;
51
(11)
3493-3501
- 16
Cerda B, Espin J C, Parra S, Martinez P, Tomas-Barberan F A.
The potent in vitro antioxidant ellagitannins from pomegranate juice are metabolised
into bioavailable but poor antioxidant hydroxy-6H-dibenzopyran-6-one derivatives
by the colonic microflora of healthy humans.
European Journal of Nutrition.
2004;
43
205-220
- 17
Choi D W.
Identification of steroid hormones in pomegranate (Punica granatum) using HPLC and GC-mass spectrometry.
Food Chemistry.
2006;
96
(4)
562-571
- 18
Coates R J, Weiss N S, Daling J R, Rettmer R L, Warnick G R.
Cancer risk in relation to serum copper levels.
Cancer Res.
1989;
49
4353-4356
- 19
Cunningham K S, Gotlieb A I.
The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Laboratory Investigation.
2005;
85
9-23
- 20
Czyz J, Madeja Z, Irmer U, Korohoda W, Hulser D F.
Flavonoid apigenin inhibits motility and invasiveness of carcinoma cells in
vitro.
International Journal of Cancer.
2005;
114
12-18
- 21
Dai Q, Borenstein A R, Wu Y, Jackson J C, Larson E B.
Fruit and vegetable juices and Alzheimer's disease: the Kame Project.
Am J Med.
2006;
119
(9)
751-759
- 22
De Nigris F. et al. .
Effects of a pomegranate fruit extract rich in punicalagin on oxidation-sensitive
genes and eNOS activity at sites of perturbed shear stress and atherogenesis.
Cardiovasc Res.
2007;
73
(2)
414-423
- 23
De Nigris F. et al. .
Beneficial effects of pomegranate juice on oxidation-sensitive genes and endothelial
nitric oxide synthase activity at sites of perturbed shear stress.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.
2005;
102
4896-4901
- 24
De Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Botti C, Sica V, Ignarro L J, Napoli C.
Pomegranate juice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein downregulation of
endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human coronary endothelial cells.
Nitric Oxide.
2006;
11
- 25
Esmaillzadeh A, Tahbaz F, Gaieni I, Alavi-Majd H, Azadbakht L.
Cholesterol-lowering effect of concentrated pomegranate juice consumption in
type II diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res.
2006;
76
(3)
147-151
- 26
Fang M, Chen D, Yang C S.
Dietary polyphenols may affect DNA methylation.
J Nutr.
2007;
137
(S 1)
223S-228S
- 27
Farkas D.
Pomegranate juice does not impair clearance of oral or intravenous midazolam,
a probe for cytochrome P450-3A activity: comparison with grapefruit juice.
Pharmacol.
2007;
47
(3)
286-294
- 28
Folkman J.
Anti-angiogenesis: new concept for therapy of solid tumors.
Annals of Surgery.
1972;
175
409-416
- 29
Forest C P, Padma-Nathan H, Liker H R.
Efficacy and safety of pomegranate juice on improvement of erectile dysfunction
in male patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction: a randomized, placebo-controlled,
double-blind, crossover study.
Int J Impot Res.
2007;
14
- 30
Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Aviram M.
Pomegranate juice inhibits oxidized LDL uptake and cholesterol biosynthesis
in macrophages.
J Nutr Biochem.
2005;
16
(9)
570-576
- 31
Gaig P, Botey J, Gutierrez V, Pena M, Eseverri J L, Marin A.
Allergy to pomegranate (Punica granatum).
J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol.
1992;
2
(4)
216-218
- 32
Gaig P, Bartolome B, Lleonart R, Garcia-Ortega P, Palacios R, Richart C.
Allergy to pomegranate (Punica granatum).
Allergy.
1999;
54
287-288
- 33
Gil M I, Tomas-Barberan F A, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft D M, Kader A A.
Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic
composition and processing.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
2000;
48
4581-4589
- 34
Girolami A, Agostino D, Cliffton E E.
The effect of ellagic acid on coagulation in vivo.
Blood.
1966;
27
(1)
93-102
- 35
Gujral M L, Varma D R, Sareen K N.
Oral contraceptives . Part 1. Preliminary observations on the antifertility
effect of some indigenous drugs.
Indian Journal of Medical Research.
1960;
48
46-51
- 36
Hadi S M, Bhat S H, Azmi A S, Hanif S, Shamim U, Ullah M F.
Oxidative breakage of cellular DNA by plant polyphenols: A putative mechanism
for anticancer properties.
Semin Cancer. Biol..
2007;
10
- 37
Hartman R E. et al .
Pomegranate juice decreases amyloid load and improves behavior in a mouse model
of Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurobiol Dis.
2006;
24
(3)
506-515
- 38
Hidaka M. et al. .
Effects of pomegranate juice on human cytochrome p450 3A (CYP3A) and carbamazepine
pharmacokinetics in rats.
Drug Metab Dispos.
2005;
33
(5)
644-648
- 39
Hora J J, Maydew E R, Lansky E P, Dwivedi C.
Chemopreventive effects of pomegranate seed oil on skin tumor development in
CD1 mice.
Journal of Medicinal Food.
2003;
6
157-161
- 40
Hong S J, Kim S I, Kwon S M, Lee J R, Chung B C.
Comparative study of concentration of isoflavones and lignans in plasma and
prostatic tissues of normal control and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Yonsei Med J.
2002;
43
236-241
- 41
Huang T H. et al. .
Pomegranate flower improves cardiac lipid metabolism in a diabetic rat model:
role of lowering circulating lipids.
British Journal of Pharmacology.
2005;
145
767-774
- 42
Huang T H. et al. .
Anti-diabetic action of Punica granatum flower extract: activation of PPAR-gamma
and identification of an active component.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.
2005;
207
160-169
- 43
Huang T H. et al. .
Pomegranate flower extract diminishes cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic fatty
rats: modulation of cardiac endothelin-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways.
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology.
2005;
46
856-862
- 44
Huang Y T, Lee L T, Lee P P, Lin Y S, Lee M T.
Targeting of focal adhesion kinase by flavonoids and small-interfering RNAs
reduces tumor cell migration ability.
Anticancer Research.
2005;
25
2017-2025
- 45
Igea J M. et al .
Adverse reaction to pomegranate ingestion.
Allergy.
1991;
46
472-474
- 46
Ignarro L J, Byrns R E, Sumi D, de Nigris F, Napoli C.
Pomegranate juice protects nitric oxide against oxidative destruction and enhances
the biological actions of nitric oxide.
Nitric Oxide. Epub.
2006;
- 47
Jochle W.
Biology and pathology of reproduction in Greek mythology.
Contraception.
1971;
4
13
- 48
Jung K H. et al. .
Suppressive effect of Punica granatum on the production of tumor necrosis factor
(Tnf) in BV2 microglial cells.
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin.
2006;
29
1258-1261
- 49
Kaplan M. et al. .
Pomegranate juice supplementation to atherosclerotic mice reduces macrophage
lipid peroxidation, cellular cholesterol accumulation and development of atherosclerosis.
J Nutr.
2001;
131
(8)
2082-2089
- 50
Kaur G, Jabbar Z, Athar M, Alam M S.
Punica granatum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidant activity
and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
Food and Chemical Toxicology.
2006;
- 51
Kawaii S, Lansky E P.
Differentiation-promoting activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts
in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells.
Journal of Medicinal Food.
2004;
7
13-18
- 52
Kennedy T. et al. .
Copper-dependent inflammation and nuclear factor-KB activation by particulate
air pollution.
American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.
1998;
19
366-378
- 53
Khan N, Hadi N, Afaq F, Syed D N, Kweon M H, Mukhtar H.
Pomegranate fruit extract inhibits prosurvival pathways in human A549 lung carcinoma
cells and tumor growth in athymic nude mice.
Carcinogenesis.
2007;
28
(1)
163-173
- 54
Khan N, Afaq F, Kweon M H, Kim K, Mukhtar H.
Oral consumption of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits growth and progression
of primary lung tumors in mice.
Cancer Res.
2007;
67
(7)
3475-3482
- 55
Kim N D. et al .
Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum)
for human breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.
2002;
71
203-217
- 56
Kim H, Yoon Y J, Shon J H, Cha I J, Shin J G, Liu K H.
Inhibitory effects of fruit juices on CYP3A activity.
Drug Metab Dispos.
2006;
34
(4)
521-523
- 57
Kohno H, Suzuki R, Yasui Y, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K, Tanaka T.
Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid suppresses chemically
induced colon carcinogenesis in rats.
Cancer Science.
2004;
95
481-486
- 58 Lad V, Frawley D. The Yoga of Herbs. Santa Fe; NM Lotus Press 1986: 135-136
- 59
Lansky E P. et al. .
Possible synergistic prostate cancer suppression by anatomically discrete pomegranate
fractions.
Investigational New Drugs.
2005;
23
11-20
- 60
Lansky E P, Harrison G, Froom P, Jiang W G.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) pure chemicals show possible synergistic inhibition
of human PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion across Matrigel.
Investigational New Drugs.
2005;
23
121-122
- 61
Lansky E P, Newman R A.
Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment
of inflammation and cancer.
J Ethnopharmacol.
2007;
109
(2)
177-206
- 62
Lansky E P.
Beware of pomegranates bearing 40 % ellagic acid.
J Med Food.
2006;
9
(1)
119-122
- 63
Larrosa M, Tomas-Barberan F A, Espin J C.
The dietary hydrolysable tannin punicalagin releases ellagic acid that induces
apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells by using the mitochondrial
pathway.
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.
2005;
- 64
Larrosa M, Gonzalez-Sarrias A, Garcia-Conesa M T, Tomas-Barberan F A, Espin J C.
Urolithins, ellagic acid-derived metabolites produced by human colonic microflora,
exhibit estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities.
J Agric Food Chem.
2006;
54
(5)
1611-1620
- 65
Levin G M.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) plant genetic resources in Turkmenistan.
Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter.
1994;
97
31-37
- 66
Li Y. et al. .
Punica granatum flower extract, a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, improves
postprandial hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
J Ethnopharmacol.
2005;
99
(2)
239-244
- 67
Liu R H.
Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action.
J Nutr.
2004;
134
(S 12)
3479S-3485S
- 68
Loren D J, Seeram N P, Schulman R N, Holtzman D M.
Maternal dietary supplementation with pomegranate juice is neuroprotective in
an animal model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Pediatric Research.
2005;
57
858-864
- 69
Lowndes S A, Harris A L.
The role of copper in tumour angiogenesis.
J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia.
2005;
10
(4)
299-310
- 70
Malik A, Afaq F, Sarfaraz S, Adhami V M, Syed D N, Mukhtar H.
Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.
2005;
102
14813-14818
- 71
Malik A, Azam S, Hadi N, Hadi S M.
DNA degradation by water extract of green tea in the presence of copper ions:
implications for anticancer properties.
Phytother Res.
2003;
17
(4)
358-363
- 72
Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Rémésy C.
Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability
studies.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2005;
81
(S 1)
230S-242S
- 73
Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L.
Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2004;
79
(5)
727-747
- 74
Maubach J. et al. .
Quantitation of soy-derived phytoestrogens in human breast tissue and biological
fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.
J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci.
2003;
784
137-144
- 75
Mehta R, Mehta E P.
Breast cancer chemopreventive properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit
extracts in a mouse mammary organ culture.
European Journal of Cancer Prevention.
2004;
13
345-348
- 76
Milner J A.
Nutrition and Gene Regulation, Molecular Targets for Bioactive Food Components.
The Journal of Nutrition.
2004;
2492S-2498S
- 77
Milner J A.
Diet and Cancer: Facts and Controversies.
Nutrition and Cancer.
2006;
56
(2)
216-224
- 78
Moskaug J O, Carlsen H, Myhrstad M C, Blomhoff R.
Polyphenols and glutathione synthesis regulation.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2005;
81
(S 1)
277S-283S
- 79
Mori-Okamoto J, Otawara-Hamamoto Y, Yamato H, Yoshimura H.
Pomegranate extract improves a depressive state and bone properties in menopausal
syndrome model ovariectomized mice.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
2004;
92
93-101
- 80
Nagaraju N, Rao K N.
A survey of plant crude drugs of Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
1990;
29
137-158
- 81
Nayak Shivananda B, Bhat Vinutha R, Upadhyay Dinesh, Udupa Saraswati L.
Copper and ceruloplasmin status in serum of prostate and colon cancer patients.
Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.
2003;
47
(1)
108-110
- 82
Neurath A R, Strick N, Li Y Y, Debnath A K.
Punica granatum (Pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate
topical microbicide.
BMC Infect. Dis. Oct..
2004;
4
41
- 83
Neurath A R, Strick N, Li Y Y, Debnath A K.
Punica granatum (pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate
topical microbicide.
Ann NY Acad Sci.
2005;
1056
311-237
- 84
Pantuck A J. et al. .
Phase II Study of Pomegranate Juice forMen with Rising Prostate-Specific Antigen
following Surgery or Radiation for Prostate Cancer.
Clin Cancer Res.
2006;
12
(13)
4018-4026
- 85
Persichini T, Percario Z, Mazzon E, Colasanti M, Cuzzocrea S, Musci G.
Copper activates the NT-kappaB pathway in vivo.
Antioxid Redox Signal.
2006;
8, 9-10
1897-1904
- 86
Polagruto J A, Schramm D D, Wang-Polagruto J F, Lee L, Keen C L.
Effects of flavonoid-rich beverages on prostacyclin synthesis in humans and
human aortic endothelial cells: association with ex vivo platelet function.
Journal of Medicinal Food.
2003;
6
301-308
- 87
Reddy M K, Gupta S K, Jacob M R, Khan S I, Ferreira D.
Antioxidant, Antimalarial and Antimicrobial Activities of Tannin-Rich Fractions,
Ellagitannins and Phenolic Acids from Punica granatum L.
Planta Med.
2007;
- 88
Rosenblat M, Hayek T, Aviram M.
Anti-oxidative effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) consumption by diabetic patients
on serum and on macrophages.
Atherosclerosis.
2006;
187
(2)
363-371
- 89
Rozenberg O, Howell A, Aviram M.
Pomegranate juice sugar fraction reduces macrophage oxidative state, whereas
white grape juice sugar fraction increases it.
Atherosclerosis.
2006;
188
(1)
68-76
- 90
Saxena A, Vikram N K.
Role of selected Indian plants in management of type 2 diabetes: a review.
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.
2004;
10
369-378
- 91
Schubert S Y, Lansky E P, Neeman I.
Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed
oil and fermented juice flavonoids.
J Ethnopharmacol.
1999;
66
(1)
11-17
- 92
Schubert S Y, Neeman I, Resnick N.
A novel mechanism for the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in vascular endothelial
cells by natural antioxidants.
The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal.
2002;
16
1931-1933
- 93
Seeram N P, Lee R, Heber D.
Bioavailability of ellagic acid in human plasma after consumption of ellagitannins
from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice.
Clin Chim Acta.
2004;
348
(1-2)
63-68
- 94
Seeram N P. et al. .
In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin,
ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination
with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice.
Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.
2005;
16
360-367
- 95 Seeram N P, Schulman R N, Heber D. Pomegranates: Ancient Roots to Modern Medicine. Boca
Raton, Florida, USA; Taylor and Francis CRC Press 2006
- 96
Settheetham W, Ishida T.
Study of genotoxic effects of antidiarrheal medicinal herbs on human cells in
vitro.
The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health.
1995;
26
(S 1)
306-310
- 97
Sorokin A V, Duncan B, Panetta R, Thompson P D.
Rhabdomyolysis associated with pomegranate juice consumption.
Am J Cardiol.
2006;
98
(5)
705-706
- 98
Squillaci G, Di Maggio G.
[Acute morbidity and mortality from decoctions of the bark of Punica granatum].
Bollettino Societa Italiana Biologia Sperimentale.
1946;
1095-1096
- 99
Spiegel.
Medizin. Weltformel des Stoffwechsels.
2004;
46
- 100
Sumner M D. et al. .
Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on myocardial perfusion in patients
with coronary heart disease.
Am J Cardiol.
2005;
96
(6)
810-814
- 101
Syed D N, Malik A, Hadi N, Sarfaraz S, Afaq F, Mukhtar H.
Photochemopreventive effect of pomegranate fruit extract on UVA-mediated activation
of cellular pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes.
Photochem Photobiol.
2006;
82
(2)
398-405
- 102
Toi M. et al. .
Preliminary studies on the anti-angiogenic potential of pomegranate fractions
in vitro and in vivo.
Angiogenesis.
2003;
6
121-128
- 103
Trepels T, Zeiher A M, Fichtischerer S.
Acute Coronary Syndrome and Inflammation. Biomarkers for Diagnostics and Risk
Stratification.
Herz.
2004;
29
(8)
769-776
- 104
Valko M, Rhodes C J, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M.
Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer.
Chem Biol Interact.
2006;
160
(1)
1-40
- 105
Valsecchi R, Reseghetti A, Leghissa P, Cologni L, Cortinovis R.
Immediate contact hypersensitivity to pomegranate.
Contact Dermatitis.
1998;
38
(1)
44-45
- 106
Vattem D A, Shetty K.
Biological Functionality of ellagic acid: a review.
Journal of Food Biochemistry.
2005;
29
234-266
- 107
Vidal A. et al. .
Studies on the toxicity of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
2003;
89
295-300
- 108
Wang R, Wei Wang, Wang L, Liu R, Yi Ding, Du L.
Constituents of the flowers of Punica granatum.
Fitoterapia.
2006;
77
(7-8)
534-537
- 109
Way T D, Kao M C, Lin J K.
Degradation of HER2/neu by apigenin induces apoptosis through cytochrome c release
and caspase-3 activation in HER2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells.
FEBS Letters.
2005;
579
145-152
- 110
Wu T J, Sempos C T, Freudenheim J L, Muti P, Smith E.
Serum iron, copper and zinc concentrations and risk of canacer mortality in
US adults.
Ann. Epidemiol..
2004;
14
195-201
- 111
Zand R S, Jenkins D J, Diamandis E P.
Steroid hormone activity of flavonoids and related compounds.
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.
2000;
62
35-49
- 112 Zhan B. Multifunctional vaginal suppository for contraception, etc. Chinese
Patent CN 1103789A 1995
- 113
Zhang J, Zhan B, Yao X, Song J.
Antiviral activity of tannin from the pericarp of Punica granatum L. against
genital herpes virus in vitro.
Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi.
1995;
20
556-558
- 114
Zheng P W, Chiang L C, Lin C C.
Apigenin induced apoptosis through p53-dependent pathway in human cervical carcinoma
cells.
Life Sciences.
2005;
76
1367-1379
- 115
Zhou S, Lim L Y, Chowbay B.
Herbal modulation of P-glycoprotein.
Drug Metab Rev.
2004;
36
(1)
57-104
- 116
Jacob R, Dierberger B, Schach M, Anadere I, Brandle M.
Effect of a diet rich in linseed oil on complex viscosity and blood pressure
in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
Basic Res Cardiol.
1991;
86
(6)
561-566
- 117
Jacob R, Isensee H.
Differential effects of various oil diets on the risk of cardiac arrhythmias
in rats.
J Cardiovasc Risk.
1994;
1
(4)
353-359
- 118
Jacob R, Brandle M, al Makdessi S, Weber R K, Dietz K.
Prolongation of life span in hypertensive rats by dietary interventions. of
garlic and linseed oil.
Basic Res Cardiol.
1997;
92
(4)
223-232
- 119
King M R, Ismail A S, Davis L S, Karp D R.
Oxidative stress promotes polarization of human T cell differentiation toward
a T helper 2 phenotype.
L Immunol.
2006;
176
(5)
2765-2772
- 120
Lambert J D, Sang S, Yang C S.
Possible Controversy over Dietary Polyphenols: Benefits vs Risks.
Chem. Res. Toxicol.
2007;
20
(4)
583-585
- 121
Lee K W, Lee H J.
The roles of polyphenols in cancer chemoprevention.
Biofactors.
2006;
26
(2)
105-121
Korrespondenzadresse
Ludwig Manfred Jacob
Egstedterstr. 46
55262 Heidesheim
Phone: 06132/433645
Fax: 06132/433646
Email: ludwig.jacob@onlinehome.de