HRTP, Prolonged Ergometer Exercise, and Single Sculling

Abstract

The use of the heart rate turn point (HRTP) to set target heart rate (THR) for prolonged rowing ergometer (E) and single scull rowing (R) was evaluated. Ten trained subjects (age 21.3 ± 4.0 yrs; V·O_2max 4.77 ± 0.62 l · min-1) performed incremental exercise tests and 30-min prolonged E and R. Expired air and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. During E and R, blood lactate concentration (La) was measured at rest and after 5, 10, 20, and 30 min. HRTP and V_ETP₂ were determined as the deflection point of the heart rate performance curve and the second TP in minute ventilation (V·_E). No significant differences were found for work rate (W), HR, and V·O₂ between HRTP and V·_ETP₂ and they were significantly related (r = 0.94, p < 0.001; r = 0.96, p < 0.001). Mean HR, V·O₂, V·CO₂, and V·_E were not significantly different between E and R. La remained at a steady state in both E and R but was slightly higher in E. Tidal volume (V_T) was found to be lower and breathing rate (BR) was significantly higher in R. HR at HRTP from an incremental rowing ergometer exercise test is valid to establish a THR consistent with constant metabolic training intensity in prolonged ergometer and single scull rowing.

Key words

heart rate turn point - ventilatory turn point - lactate steady state - target heart rate - single sculling

References

• 1 Bauder K, Kalus V, Schneekluth U, Weiss M, Bärtsch P. Control of training intensity in single scull rowing by ergometric determination of the Conconi deflection point.  Dtsch Ztschr Sportmed. 1994;  45 308-316
• 2 Beneke R, von Duvillard S P. Determination of maximal lactate steady state response in selected sports events.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;  28 241-246
• 3 Beneke R, Leithäuser R M, Hutler M. Dependence of maximal lactate steady state on the motor pattern of exercise.  Br J Sports Med. 2001;  35 192-196
• 4 Beneke R, Hutler M, von Duvillard S P, Sellens M, Leithauser R M. Effect of test interruptions on blood lactate during constant workload testing.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;  35 1626-1630
• 5 Bishop D. The validity of physiological variables to assess training intensity in kayak athletes.  Int J Sports Med. 2004;  25 68-72
• 6 Bland J M, Altman D G. Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading.  Lancet. 1995;  346 1085-1087
• 7 Bodner M E, Rhodes E C. A review of the concept of the heart rate deflection point.  Sports Med. 2000;  30 31-46
• 8 Bourgois J, Vrijens J. The Conconi test: a controversial concept for the determination of the anaerobic threshold in young rowers.  Int J Sports Med. 1998;  19 553-559
• 9 Bourgois J, Vrijens J. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses in young oarsmen during prolonged exercise tests on a rowing ergometer at power outputs corresponding to two concepts of anaerobic threshold.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1998;  77 164-169
• 10 Bourdin M, Messonnier L, Lacour J R. Laboratory blood lactate profile is suited to on water training monitoring in highly trained rowers.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004;  44 337-341
• 11 Bunc V, Hofmann P, Leitner H, Gaisl G. Verification of the heart rate threshold.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1995;  70 263-269
• 12 Chenier D, Leger L. Measurement of V·O_2max with 2 rowing ergometers on the water in a skiff.  Can J Sports Sci. 1991;  16 258-263
• 13 Coen B, Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Sport specific performance diagnosis in rowing: an incremental graded exercise test in coxless pairs.  Int J Sports Med. 2003;  24 428-432
• 14 Conconi F, Ferrari M, Ziglio P G, Droghetti P, Codeca L. Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners.  J Appl Physiol. 1982;  52 869-873
• 15 Conconi F, Grazzi G, Casoni I, Guglielmini C, Borsetto C, Ballarin E, Mazzoni G, Patracchini M, Manfredini F. The Conconi test: methology after 12 years of application.  Int J Sports Med. 1996;  17 509-519
• 16 Dekerle J, Baron B, Dupont L, Vanvelcenaher J, Pelayo P. Maximal lactate steady state, respiratory compensation threshold and critical power.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  89 281-288
• 17 Dunbar J, van Someron K. A review of MlaSS training sessions performed by highly trained runners and rowers in their normal training environment.  J Sports Sci. 2003;  21 270-271
• 18 Droghetti P. Determination of the anaerobic threshold on a rowing ergometer by the relationship between work output and heart rate.  Scand J Sports Sci. 1986;  8 59-62
• 19 Droghetti P, Borsetto C, Casoni I, Cellini M, Ferrari M, Paoilini A R, Ziglio G, Conconi F. Noninvasive determination of the anaerobic threshold in canoeing, cross-country skiing, cycling, roller, and ice skating, rowing, and walking.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1985;  53 299-303
• 20 Hofmann P, Bunc V, Leitner H, Pokan R, Gaisl G. Heart rate threshold related to lactate turn point and steady state exercise on cycle ergometer.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1994;  69 132-139
• 21 Hofmann P, Peinhaupt G, Leitner H, Pokan R. Evaluation of heart rate threshold by means of lactate steady state and endurance tests in white water kayakers. Viitasalo JT, Kujala U The Way To Win. Proceedings of the International Congress on Applied Research in Sports held in Helsinki, Finland, on 9 - 11 August 1994. Helsinki, Finland; The Finnish Society for Research in Sport and Physical Education 1995: 217-220
• 22 Hofmann P, Pokan R, Seibert F J, Zweiker R, Schmid P. The heart rate performance curve during incremental cycle ergometer exercise in healthy young male subjects.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;  29 762-768
• 23 Ingham S A, Whyte G P, Jones K, Nevill A M. Determinants of 2,000 m rowing ergometer performance in elite rowers.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;  88 243-246
• 24 Jürimäe J, Mäestu J, Jürimäe Pihl T E. Relationship between rowing performance and different metabolic parameters in male rowers.  Med Sport. 1999;  52 119-126
• 25 Jürimäe Mäestu J J, Jürimäe T, Pihl E. Prediction of rowing performance on single sculls from metabolic and anthropometric variables.  J Human Mov Studies. 2000;  38 123-136
• 26 Klusiewicz A, Faff J, Zdanowicz R. Diagnostic value of indices derived from specific laboratory tests for rowers.  Biol Sport. 1999;  16 39-50
• 27 Mickelson T C, Hagerman F C. Anaerobic threshold measurements of elite oarsmen.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;  14 440-444
• 28 Shephard R J. Science and medicine of rowing: A review.  J Sports Sci. 1998;  16 603-620
• 29 Siegmund G P, Edwards M R, Moore K S, Tiessen D A, Sanderson D J, McKenzie D C. Ventilation and locomotion coupling in varsity male rowers.  J Appl Physiol. 1999;  87 233-249
• 30 Steinacker J M. Physiological aspects of training in rowing.  Int J Sports Med. 1993;  14 S3-S10
• 31 Urhausen A, Weiler B, Kindermann W. Heart rate, blood lactate, and catecholamines during ergometer and on water rowing.  Int J Sports Med. 1993;  14 20-23
• 32 van Someren K A, Phillips G RW, Palmer G S. Comparison of physiological responses to open water kayaking and kayak ergometry.  Int J Sports Med. 2000;  21 200-204
• 33 Verghes S, Flore P, Favre-Juvin A. Blood lactate concentration/heart rate relationship: laboratory running vs. field roller skiing test.  Int J Sports Med. 2003;  24 446-451
• 34 Wonisch M, Hofmann P, Schwaberger G, von Duvillard S P, Klein W. Validation of a field test for the non-invasive determination of badminton specific aerobic performance.  Br J Sports Med. 2003;  37 115-118
• 35 Yamamoto Y, Miyashita M, Hughson R L, Tamura S I, Shinohara M, Mutoh Y. The ventilatory threshold gives maximal lactate steady state.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1991;  63 55-59
• 36 Yoshiga C C, Hiuchi M. Rowing performance of female and male rowers.  Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2003;  13 317-321
• 37 Zacharogiannis E, Farrally M. Ventilatory threshold, heart rate deflection point and middle distance running performance.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1993;  33 337-343