Zusammenfassung
Funktionelle intermittierende Atemstörungen, die durch paradoxe Schlussbewegungen
der Stimmbänder hervorgerufen werden, spielen unter dem Begriff Vocal Cord Dysfunction
(VCD) in den letzten Jahren eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle in der Differenzialdiagnose
nicht adäquat behandelbarer Asthmaverläufe. Der Anfallscharakter der Atemnot lässt
zunächst an ein Asthma bronchiale denken und führt in der Regel zur Einleitung einer
entsprechenden medikamentösen Behandlung. In Ermangelung ausreichender Therapieeffekte
kann es zu grotesk eskalierender Medikation unter dauerhaftem Einschluss hochdosierter
Steroide mit entsprechendem Nebenwirkungspotenzial kommen. Die VCD entzieht sich aufgrund
der meist extrem kurzen Symptomdauer von 1 - 2 Minuten dem üblichen diagnostischen
Nachweis. Somit ist das klinische Bild einerseits von lebensbedrohlich erlebter Atemnot
bei unauffälliger Diagnostik, andererseits von frustranen Therapieansätzen gekennzeichnet.
Dies führt zu teils ausgeprägten, destabilisierenden Angst- und Panikstörungen. Infolge
dessen imponieren solche Krankheitsverläufe klinisch als therapierefraktär. Die exakte
Kenntnis des Krankheitsbilds VCD lenkt den Blick des Arztes oft ohne weitere Hilfsmittel
bereits zur richtigen Verdachtsdiagnose. Die VCD muss als Herausforderung in der täglichen
pneumologischen Arbeit verstanden werden, um durch eine frühzeitige Diagnose Patientenkarrieren
mit teils höchst relevanten medizinischen wie auch wirtschaftlichen Folgen zu verhindern.
Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, das aktuelle Verständnis der VCD bzgl. epidemiologischer,
pathophysiologischer und klinischer Implikationen zusammen mit diagnostisch/therapeutischen
Möglichkeiten darzustellen und zu diskutieren.
Abstract
Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD), intermittent dyspnoea attacks caused by episodic paradoxical
adduction of the vocal cords, plays an important role in the differential diagnosis
of so called intractable or difficult to control bronchial asthma. The clinical symptoms
may mimic asthma, resulting in high dose medications that often lead to considerable
iatrogenic induced morbidity e. g. high dose systemic corticosteriods. In most cases
VCD cannot be demonstrated using common diagnostic methods, due to self-limiting symptoms
of less than one to two minutes. A typical VCD-patient presents with seemingly life-threatening
dyspnoea with negative diagnostic results for asthma or other standard airway disorders
and lack of improvement with standard medications. The frustrating clinical course
can induce significant psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and panic attacks in
VCD-patients. Increased knowledge of the characteristic clinical symptoms of vocal
cord dysfunction can help physicians identify the correct diagnosis even without further
testing. VCD should be seen as a challenge to every pulmonologists. Early diagnosis
prevents prolonged clinical courses including negative effects due to medication as
well as economical consequences. The aim of this paper is to present and to discuss
the current understandings of the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of this
disease.
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Dr. med. Klaus Kenn
Klinikum Berchtesgadener Land, Abteilung Pneumologie
Malterhöh 1
83471 Schönau am Königssee
Email: kkenn@schoen-kliniken.de