Download PDF
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2007; 75(8): 447-457
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-955005
Übersicht
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Tiefenhirnstimulation bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen

Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Psychiatric DisordersJ.  Kuhn1 , W.  Huff1 , S.-H.  Lee1 , D.  Lenartz2 , V.  Sturm2 , J.  Klosterkötter1
  • 1Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität zu Köln
  • 2Klinik für Stereotaxie und funktionelle Neurochirurgie, Klinikum der Universität zu Köln
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
17 January 2007 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Das bei ausgewählten Bewegungsstörungen bereits seit Jahren etablierte Verfahren der Tiefenhirnstimulation (THS) (deep brain stimulation) wird zunehmend auch als Behandlungsmöglichkeit für psychische Störungen in Betracht gezogen. Unlängst wurden einige viel versprechende Kasuistiken und Fallserien veröffentlicht, in denen beeindruckende Therapieergebnisse im Rahmen der Anwendung der THS auf ansonsten behandlungsresistente psychiatrische Erkrankungen berichtet werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll ein umfassender Überblick über das Verfahren der THS und im speziellen über dessen Einsatz bei psychischen Störungen gegeben werden. Unter Verwendung einer systematischen Literaturrecherche werden diesbezüglich alle zu Zwangsstörung, Tourette-Syndrom, Depression, Angststörung und Autismus bisher veröffentlichten Therapiestudien berücksichtigt und die Arbeiten hinsichtlich ihrer wissenschaftlichen Evidenz bewertet.

Abstract

As a well and long-established approach in the treatment of selected movement disorders, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is also increasingly considered a potential treatment method in the case of mental disorders. Only recently, a number of highly promising case reports and case series have been published, in which impressive therapeutic outcomes under application of DBS in otherwise treatment-resistant psychiatric illnesses are reported. The current article aims to provide a detailed synopsis of the DBS approach and more specifically its application to mental disorders. By means of a systematic literature search, all relevant treatment studies published to date and focusing on obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, major depression, anxiety disorder and autism were incorporated and evaluated with respect to the scientific evidence presented.

Schlüsselwörter

Tiefenhirnstimulation - Psychiatrische Erkrankungen - Tourette-Syndrom - Zwangsstörung - Depression

Key words

deep brain stimulation - psychiatric disorders - Tourette syndrome - obsessive compulsive disorder - major depression

Literatur

  • 1 Pollak P, Fraix V, Krack P, Moro E, Mendes A, Chabardes S, Koudsie A, Benabid A. Treatment results: Parkinson's disease.  Movement Disorders. 2002;  17 S75-S83
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Schuurman P R, Bosch D A, Bossuyt P MM, Bonsel G J, Someren E JW van, de Bie R MA, Merkus M P, Speelman J D. A Comparison of Continuous Thalamic Stimulation and Thalamotomy for Suppression of Severe Tremor.  N Engl J Med. 2000;  342 461-468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Deuschl G, Bain P. Deep brain stimulation for tremor: Patient selection and evaluation.  Movement Disorders. 2002;  17 S102-S111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Hodaie M, Wennberg R A, Dostrovsky J O, Lozano A M. Chronic Anterior Thalamus Stimulation for Intractable Epilepsy.  Epilepsia. 2002;  43 603-608
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Volkmann J, Benecke R. Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: Patient selection and evaluation.  Movement Disorders. 2002;  17 S112-S115
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Schoenen J, Di Clemente L, Vandenheede M, Fumal A, De Pasqua V, Mouchamps M, Remacle J-M, de Noordhout A M. Hypothalamic stimulation in chronic cluster headache: a pilot study of efficacy and mode of action.  Brain. 2005;  128 940-947
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Spiegel E A. Stereotaxic apparatus for operations of the human brain.  Science. 1947;  106 349-350
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Greenberg B D, Price L H, Rauch S L, Friehs G, Noren G, Malone D, Carpenter L L, Rezai A R, Rasmussen S A. Neurosurgery for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: critical issues.  Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003;  14 199-212
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Fins J J. From psychosurgery to neuromodulation and palliation: history’s lessons for the ethical conduct and regulation of neuropsychiatric research.  Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003;  14 303-319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Benabid A L, Pollak P, Louveau A, Henry S, de Rougemont J. Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease.  Appl Neurophysiol. 1987;  50 344-346
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Benabid A L, Pollak P, Gervason C, Hoffmann D, Gao D M, Hommel M, Perret J E, de Rougemont J. Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus.  Lancet. 1991;  337 403-406
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Bejjani B P, Damier P, Arnulf I, Thivard L, Bonnet A M, Dormont D, Cornu P, Pidoux B, Samson Y, Agid Y. Transient acute depression induced by high-frequency deep-brain stimulation.  N Engl J Med. 1999;  340 1476-1480
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Mallet L, Mesnage V, Houeto J L, Pelissolo A, Yelnik J, Behar C, Gargiulo M, Welter M L, Bonnet A M, Pillon B, Cornu P, Dormont D, Pidoux B, Allilaire J F, Agid Y. Compulsions, Parkinson's disease, and stimulation.  Lancet. 2002;  360 1302-1304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Beurrier C, Bioulac B, Audin J, Hammond C. High-Frequency Stimulation Produces a Transient Blockade of Voltage-Gated Currents in Subthalamic Neurons.  J Neurophysiol. 2001;  85 1351-1356
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Dostrovsky J O, Levy R, Wu J P, Hutchison W D, Tasker R R, Lozano A M. Microstimulation-Induced Inhibition of Neuronal Firing in Human Globus Pallidus.  J Neurophysiol. 2000;  84 570-574
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Zucker R S, Regehr W G. Short-term synaptic plasticity.  Annu Rev Physiol. 2002;  64 355-405
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Jech R, Urgosik D, Tintera J, Nebuzelsky A, Krasensky J, Liscak R, Roth J, Ruzicka E. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during deep brain stimulation: A pilot study in four patients with Parkinson's disease.  Movement Disorders. 2001;  16 1126-1132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Haslinger B, Boecker H, Buchel C, Vesper J, Tronnier V M, Pfister R, Alesch F, Moringlane J R, Krauss J K, Conrad B, Schwaiger M, Ceballos-Baumann A O. Differential modulation of subcortical target and cortex during deep brain stimulation.  Neuroimage. 2003;  18 517-524
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 McIntyre C C, Grill W M. Extracellular Stimulation of Central Neurons: Influence of Stimulus Waveform and Frequency on Neuronal Output.  J Neurophysiol. 2002;  88 1592-1604
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Benabid A, Benazzous A, Pollak P. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.  Movement Disorders. 2002;  17 S73-S74
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Vitek J. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: Excitation or inhibition.  Movement Disorders. 2002;  17 S69-S72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Jimenez F, Velasco F, Salin-Pascual R, Hernandez J A, Velasco M, Criales J L, Nicolini H. A patient with a resistant major depression disorder treated with deep brain stimulation in the inferior thalamic peduncle.  Neurosurgery. 2005;  57 585-593; discussion 585 - 593
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 McIntyre C C, Savasta M, Walter B L, Vitek J L. How does deep brain stimulation work? Present understanding and future questions.  J Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;  21 40-50
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Frank A M, Ceballos-Baumann A O. Tiefe Hirnstimulation bei idiopathischem Parkinson-Syndrom und essenziellem Tremor.  Nervenheilkunde. 2005;  24 884-903
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 The Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease Study Group . Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus or the Pars Interna of the Globus Pallidus in Parkinson's Disease.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  345 956-963
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Krack P, Batir A, Blercom N van, Chabardes S, Fraix V, Ardouin C, Koudsie A, Limousin P D, Benazzouz A, LeBas J F, Benabid A-L, Pollak P. Five-Year Follow-up of Bilateral Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Advanced Parkinson's Disease.  N Engl J Med. 2003;  349 1925-1934
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Oh M Y, Abosch A, Kim S H, Lang A E, Lozano A M. Long-term hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation.  Neurosurgery. 2002;  50 1268-1274
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Nuttin B, Gybels J, Cosyns P, Gabriels L, Meyerson B, Andreewitch S, Rasmussen S A, Greenberg B, Friehs G, Rezai A R, Montgomery E, Malone D, Fins J J. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders.  Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003;  14 xv-xvi
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Abelson J L, Curtis G C, Sagher O, Albucher R C, Harrigan M, Taylor S F, Martis B, Giordani B. Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.  Biol Psychiatry. 2005;  57 510-516
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Rodriguez-Oroz M C, Obeso J A, Lang A E, Houeto J-L, Pollak P, Rehncrona S, Kulisevsky J, Albanese A, Volkmann J, Hariz M I, Quinn N P, Speelman J D, Guridi J, Zamarbide I, Gironell A, Molet J, Pascual-Sedano B, Pidoux B, Bonnet A M, Agid Y, Xie J, Benabid A-L, Lozano A M, Saint-Cyr J, Romito L, Contarino M F, Scerrati M, Fraix V, Blercom N van. Bilateral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a multicentre study with 4 years follow-up.  Brain. 2005;  128 2240-2249
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Funkiewiez A, Ardouin C, Caputo E, Krack P, Fraix V, Klinger H, Chabardes S, Foote K, Benabid A L, Pollak P. Long term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation on cognitive function, mood, and behaviour in Parkinson's disease.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;  75 834-839
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Daniele A, Albanese A, Contarino M F, Zinzi P, Barbier A, Gasparini F, Romito L MA, Bentivoglio A R, Scerrati M. Cognitive and behavioural effects of chronic stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;  74 175-182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Ardouin C, Pillon B, Peiffer E, Bejjani P, Limousin P, Damier P, Arnulf I, Benabid A L, Agid Y, Pollak P. Bilateral subthalamic or pallidal stimulation for Parkinson's disease affects neither memory nor executive functions: a consecutive series of 62 patients.  Ann Neurol. 1999;  46 217-223
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Houeto J L, Mesnage V, Mallet L, Pillon B, Gargiulo M, du Moncel S T, Bonnet A M, Pidoux B, Dormont D, Cornu P, Agid Y. Behavioural disorders, Parkinson's disease and subthalamic stimulation.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;  72 701-707
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Berney A, Vingerhoets F, Perrin A, Guex P, Villemure J G, Burkhard P R, Benkelfat C, Ghika J. Effect on mood of subthalamic DBS for Parkinson's disease: a consecutive series of 24 patients.  Neurology. 2002;  59 1427-1429
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Thobois S, Mertens P, Guenot M, Hermier M, Mollion H, Bouvard M, Chazot G, Broussolle E, Sindou M. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease: clinical evaluation of 18 patients.  J Neurol. 2002;  249 529-534
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Doshi P K, Chhaya N, Bhatt M H. Depression leading to attempted suicide after bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 2002;  17 1084-1085
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Ostergaard K, Sunde N, Dupont E. Effects of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with severe Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations.  Mov Disord. 2002;  17 693-700
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Romito L M, Raja M, Daniele A, Contarino M F, Bentivoglio A R, Barbier A, Scerrati M, Albanese A. Transient mania with hypersexuality after surgery for high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 2002;  17 1371-1374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Kulisevsky J, Berthier M L, Gironell A, Pascual-Sedano B, Molet J, Pares P. Mania following deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease.  Neurology. 2002;  59 1421-1424
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Burkhard P R, Vingerhoets F JG, Berney A, Bogousslavsky J, Villemure J-G, Ghika J. Suicide after successful deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.  Neurology. 2004;  63 2170-2172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Kalteis K, Standhardt H, Kryspin-Exner I, Brucke T, Volc D, Alesch F. Influence of bilateral Stn-stimulation on psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial functioning in patients with Parkinson's disease.  J Neural Transm. 2006;  113 1191-1206
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Foncke E MJ, Schuurman P R, Speelman J D. Suicide after deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus for dystonia.  Neurolog. 2006;  66 142-143
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Dujardin K, Defebvre L, Krystkowiak P, Blond S, Destee A. Influence of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on cognitive function in Parkinson's disease.  J Neurol. 2001;  248 603-611
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Saint-Cyr J A, Trepanier L L, Kumar R, Lozano A M, Lang A E. Neuropsychological consequences of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease.  Brain. 2000;  123 2091-2108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Trepanier L L, Kumar R, Lozano A M, Lang A E, Saint-Cyr J A. Neuropsychological outcome of GPi pallidotomy and GPi or STN deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.  Brain Cogn. 2000;  42 324-347
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Alegret M, Junque C, Valldeoriola F, Vendrell P, Pilleri M, Rumia J, Tolosa E. Effects of bilateral subthalamic stimulation on cognitive function in Parkinson disease.  Arch Neurol. 2001;  58 1223-1227
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Gabriels L, Cosyns P, Nuttin B, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychopathological and neuropsychological outcome in three cases.  Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003;  107 275-282
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Flaherty A W, Williams Z M, Amirnovin R, Kasper E, Rauch S L, Cosgrove G R, Eskandar E N. Deep brain stimulation of the anterior internal capsule for the treatment of Tourette syndrome: technical case report.  Neurosurgery. 2005;  57 E403
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Visser-Vandewalle V, Temel Y, Boon P, Vreeling F, Colle H, Hoogland G, Groenewegen H J, Linden C van der Linden. Chronic bilateral thalamic stimulation: a new therapeutic approach in intractable Tourette syndrome. Report of three cases.  J Neurosurg. 2003;  99 1094-1100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Diederich N J, Kalteis K, Stamenkovic M, Pieri V, Alesch F. Efficient internal pallidal stimulation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a case report.  Mov Disord. 2005;  20 1496-1499
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Ackermans L, Temel Y, Cath D, Linden C van der, Bruggeman R, Kleijer M, Nederveen P, Schruers K, Colle H, Tijssen M A, Visser-Vandewalle V. Deep brain stimulation in Tourette's syndrome: two targets?.  Mov Disord. 2006;  21 709-713
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Okun M S, Bowers D, Springer U, Shapira N A, Malone D, Rezai A R, Nuttin B, Heilman K M, Morecraft R J, Rasmussen S A, Greenberg B D, Foote K D, Goodman W K. What's in a “smile?” Intra-operative observations of contralateral smiles induced by deep brain stimulation.  Neurocase. 2004;  10 271-279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Shapira N A, Okun M S, Wint D, Foote K D, Byars J A, Bowers D, Springer U S, Lang P J, Greenberg B D, Haber S N, Goodman W K. Panic and fear induced by deep brain stimulation.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;  77 410-412
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Nuttin B J, Gabriels L A, Cosyns P R, Meyerson B A, Andreewitch S, Sunaert S G, Maes A F, Dupont P J, Gybels J M, Gielen F, Demeulemeester H G. Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.  Neurosurgery. 2003;  52 1263-1272
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Mayberg H S, Lozano A M, Voon V, McNeely H E, Seminowicz D, Hamani C, Schwalb J M, Kennedy S H. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression.  Neuron. 2005;  45 651-660
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Voderholzer U. [Obsessive-compulsive disorders].  Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2005;  73 526-542
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Jenike M A. Neurosurgical treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.  Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1998;  35 79-90
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Rauch S L, Dougherty D D, Cosgrove G R, Cassem E H, Alpert N M, Price B H, Nierenberg A A, Mayberg H S, Baer L, Jenike M A, Fischman A J. Cerebral metabolic correlates as potential predictors of response to anterior cingulotomy for obsessive compulsive disorder.  Biol Psychiatry. 2001;  50 659-667
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J, Meyerson B. Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.  Lancet. 1999;  354 1526
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Nuttin B J, Gabriels L, Kuyck K van, Cosyns P. Electrical stimulation of the anterior limbs of the internal capsules in patients with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: anecdotal reports.  Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003;  14 267-274
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Laere K van, Nuttin B, Gabriels L, Dupont P, Rasmussen S, Greenberg B D, Cosyns P. Metabolic Imaging of Anterior Capsular Stimulation in Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Key Role for the Subgenual Anterior Cingulate and Ventral Striatum.  J Nucl Med. 2006;  47 740-747
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Cosyns P, Gabriels L, Nuttin B. Deep brain stimulation in treatment refractory obsessive compulsive disorder.  Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 2003;  65 385-399
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Aouizerate B, Cuny E, Martin-Guehl C, Guehl D, Amieva H, Benazzouz A, Fabrigoule C, Allard M, Rougier A, Bioulac B, Tignol J, Burbaud P. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral caudate nucleus in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Case report.  J Neurosurg. 2004;  101 682-686
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Aouizerate B, Martin-Guehl C, Cuny E, Guehl D, Amieva H, Benazzouz A, Fabrigoule C, Allard M, Rougier A, Burbaud P, Tignol J, Bioulac B. [Deep brain stimulation of the ventral striatum in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression].  Med Sci (Paris). 2005;  21 811-813
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Aouizerate B, Martin-Guehl C, Cuny E, Guehl D, Amieva H, Benazzouz A, Fabrigoule C, Bioulac B, Tignol J, Burbaud P. Deep brain stimulation for OCD and major depression.  Am J Psychiatry. 2005;  162 2192
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Fontaine D, Mattei V, Borg M, Langsdorff D von, Magnie M N, Chanalet S, Robert P, Paquis P. Effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on obsessive-compulsive disorder in a patient with Parkinson disease. Case report.  J Neurosurg. 2004;  100 1084-1086
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Sturm V, Lenartz D, Koulousakis A, Treuer H, Herholz K, Klein J C, Klosterkötter J. The nucleus accumbens: a target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive- and anxiety-disorders.  J Chem Neuroanat. 2003;  26 293-299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Anderson D, Ahmed A. Treatment of patients with intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder with anterior capsular stimulation. Case report.  J Neurosurg. 2003;  98 1104-1108
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Huff W, Schormann M, Lenartz D, Lee S H, Kuhn J, Sturm V, Klosterkötter J. Unilateral deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. submitted 2006
    Google Scholar
  • 71 Huff W, Kuhn J, Lee S H, Lenartz D, Sturm V, Klosterkötter J. Anwendung der tiefen Hirnstimulation bei Patienten mit Zwangsstörungen. submitted 2006
    Google Scholar
  • 72 Jankovic J. Tourette's Syndrome.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  345 1184-1192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Swerdlow N R, Sutherland A N. Using animal models to develop therapeutics for Tourette Syndrome.  Pharmacol Ther. 2005;  108 281-293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Rauch S L, Baer L, Cosgrove G R, Jenike M A. Neurosurgical treatment of Tourette's syndrome: a critical review.  Compr Psychiatry. 1995;  36 141-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Temel Y, Visser-Vandewalle V. Surgery in Tourette syndrome.  Mov Disord. 2004;  19 3-14
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Anandan S, Wigg C L, Thomas C R, Coffey B. Psychosurgery for Self-Injurious Behavior in Tourette's Disorder.  Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2004;  14 531-538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Vandewalle V, Linden C van der, Groenewegen H J, Caemaert J. Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus.  Lancet. 1999;  353 724
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Houeto J L, Karachi C, Mallet L, Pillon B, Yelnik J, Mesnage V, Welter M L, Navarro S, Pelissolo A, Damier P, Pidoux B, Dormont D, Cornu P, Agid Y. Tourette's syndrome and deep brain stimulation.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;  76 992-995
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Kuhn J, Lenartz D, Mai J K, Huff W, Lee S H, Koulousakis A, Klosterkötter J. V. S. Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and the internal capsule in therapeutically refractory Tourette-syndrome.  J Neurol. 2007;  in press
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Neuner I, Podoll K, Klein M, Hettmann M, Amunts K, Lenartz D, Sturm V, Schneider F. Tiefenhirnstimulation bei Gilles-de-la-Tourette-Syndrom. Poster 0563, DPPGN 2005 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 81 Visser-Vandewalle V, Temel Y, Linden C van der, Ackermans L, Beuls E. Deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. The applications reconsidered.  Acta Neurol Belg. 2004;  104 33-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Spiessl H, Hubner-Liebermann B, Hajak G. [Depression, a widespread disease. Epidemiology, care situation, diagnosis, therapy and prevention].  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2006;  131 35-40
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Dannon P N, Lowengrub K, Gonopolski Y, Kotler M. Current and emerging somatic treatment strategies in psychotic major depression.  Expert Rev Neurother. 2006;  6 73-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Bridges P K, Bartlett J R, Hale A S, Poynton A M, Malizia A L, Hodgkiss A D. Psychosurgery: stereotactic subcaudate tractomy. An indispensable treatment.  Br J Psychiatry. 1994;  165 599-611
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Malizia A L. The frontal lobes and neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders.  J Psychopharmacol. 1997;  11 179-187
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Dougherty D D, Weiss A P, Cosgrove G R, Alpert N M, Cassem E H, Nierenberg A A, Price B H, Mayberg H S, Fischman A J, Rauch S L. Cerebral metabolic correlates as potential predictors of response to anterior cingulotomy for treatment of major depression.  J Neurosurg. 2003;  99 1010-1017
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Lieberman A. Depression in Parkinson's disease - a review.  Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;  113 1-8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Stefurak T, Mikulis D, Mayberg H, Lang A E, Hevenor S, Pahapill P, Saint-Cyr J, Lozano A. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease dissociates mood and motor circuits: a functional MRI case study.  Mov Disord. 2003;  18 1508-1516
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Schneider F, Habel U, Volkmann J, Regel S, Kornischka J, Sturm V, Freund H J. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus enhances emotional processing in Parkinson disease.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;  60 296-302
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Carlson P J, Singh J B, Zarate Jr C A, Drevets W C, Manji H K. Neural circuitry and neuroplasticity in mood disorders: insights for novel therapeutic targets.  NeuroRx. 2006;  3 22-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Mayberg H S, Liotti M, Brannan S K, McGinnis S, Mahurin R K, Jerabek P A, Silva J A, Tekell J L, Martin C C, Lancaster J L, Fox P T. Reciprocal Limbic-Cortical Function and Negative Mood: Converging PET Findings in Depression and Normal Sadness.  Am J Psychiatry. 1999;  156 675-682
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Seminowicz D A, Mayberg H S, McIntosh A R, Goldapple K, Kennedy S, Segal Z, Rafi-Tari S. Limbic-frontal circuitry in major depression: a path modeling metanalysis.  Neuroimage. 2004;  22 409-418
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Mayberg H S, Brannan S K, Tekell J L, Silva J A, Mahurin R K, McGinnis S, Jerabek P A. Regional metabolic effects of fluoxetine in major depression: serial changes and relationship to clinical response.  Biol Psychiatry. 2000;  48 830-843
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Nobler M S, Oquendo M A, Kegeles L S, Malone K M, Campbell C, Sackeim H A, Mann J J. Decreased Regional Brain Metabolism After ECT.  Am J Psychiatry. 2001;  158 305-308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Dr. med. Jens Kuhn

Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Klinikum der Universität zu Köln

Kerpener Straße 62

50924 Köln

Email: Jens.Kuhn@uk-koeln.de

      >