Zusammenfassung
Der Einsatz der Farb-Doppler-Sonographie in der Darstellung der Gelenke basiert auf
dem pathophysiologischen Hintergrund einer gesteigerten synovialen Durchblutung, hervorgerufen
durch Vasodilatation und Angiogenese im Rahmen eines entzündlichen Prozesses. Doppler-Sonographie
beruht auf einer Frequenzverschiebung reflektierten Schalls (Doppler-Effekt) an bewegten
Zellen innerhalb von Blutgefäßen, sodass der Blutfluss dargestellt werden kann. Anhand
eines Vergleichs mit kontrastmittelverstärkter Magnetresonanztomographie und histologischen
Befunden ist die Doppler-Sonographie ausreichend als eine Methode validiert, welche
die synoviale Perfusion zuverlässig erfassen und abbilden kann. Da eine echte Quantifizierung
der aktuellen Durchblutungsstärke nicht möglich ist, wird derzeit am häufigsten ein
vierstufiger semiquantitativer Score (0 = kein Fluss/keine Doppler-Signale; 1 = wenig
Fluss/vereinzelte Doppler-Signale; 2 = deutlicher Fluss/konfluierende Doppler-Signale;
3 = starker Fluss/Gelenkbereich nahezu komplett mit konfluierenden Doppler-Signalen
ausgefüllt) benutzt, um hiermit ein Maß für die dopplersonographisch dargestellte
Hyperämie angeben zu können. Neben möglichen differenzialdiagostischen Hinweisen aufgrund
der Stärke und Lokalisation der Doppler-Signale stellt diese Methode ein hervorragendes
Instrument dar, um eine entzündliche Aktivität im Langzeitverlauf verschiedener Erkrankungen
zu überwachen und damit den Effekt einer eingeleiteten antientzündlichen Therapie
über die rein klinische Untersuchung hinaus zu objektivieren. Dies wird derzeit bereits
in ersten klinischen, plazebokontrollierten, randomisierten Studien genutzt. Der Einsatz
von Ultraschallkontrastmitteln und die Möglichkeit dreidimensionaler Darstellung synovialer
Gefäßstrukturen stellen grundsätzliche Voraussetzungen dar, um in der Zukunft auch
molekulare Zielstrukturen mit hochauflösender Sonographie unter wissenschaftlichen
Gesichtspunkten gezielt darzustellen zu können.
Abstract
Since hyperaemia caused by vasodilatation is one of the earliest detectable pathological
changes in the beginning of synovitis and since angiogenesis, as important feature
of pannus formation, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of synovitis, imaging
of synovial perfusion and vasculature at the microvascular level by colour and power
Doppler ultrasonography is a promising method to assess and monitor arthritic activity.
Doppler ultrasound detects the movement of blood cells in the vessels by analysis
of the change in frequency of the returning echoes (Doppler effect). Several studies
have shown a strong correlation between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Doppler
sonographic determination of synovial perfusion. Similarly, a strong correlation has
been found between MRI and Doppler sonographic imaging and histological findings with
regard to synovial blood vessel density, respectively. Since quantification of synovial
perfusion by Doppler ultrasound is still difficult, most investigators use a semiquantitative
four step grading: 0 = no flow, 1 = mild flow, 2 = moderate flow, 3 = intense flow.
The availability of therapeutic modalities that are able to stop the inflammatory
process has focused the interest to the detection of joint pathology as early as possible
to prevent erosive bony damage. Colour and power Doppler ultrasound can depict intra-articular
and peritendinous blood flow, which allows an estimation of inflammatory activity
and facilitates the differentiation and monitoring of rheumatic diseases, not only
in clinical practice but also in therapeutic trials. Recently, the first randomised
and plazebo-controlled clinical studies used high-frequency ultrasound and power Doppler
mode to improve the outcome of the study by a more precise discrimination between
the verum and the plazebo group. Further developments including the use of contrast
agents and three-dimensional vascular imaging will allow a level of molecular imaging
for advanced research purposes.
Schlüsselwörter
Farb-Doppler-Sonographie - Doppler-Sonographie - synoviale Perfusion - aktuelle Durchblutungsstärke
- Hyperämie - Vasodilatation
Key words
Colour Doppler ultrasonography - power Doppler ultrasonography - synovial perfusion
- synovial blood vessel density - hyperaemia - vasodilatation
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Dr. Johannes Strunk
Abteilung für Rheumatologie und klinische Immunologie, Kerckhoff-Klinik/Universität
Gießen
Benekestraße 2 - 8
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Email: j.strunk@kerckhoff-klinik.de