Abstract
It is known that coagulation and fibrinolysis are activated after exercise, and that
the response is related to exercise intensity. The contribution, however, of eccentric
exercise has not yet been investigated. Twenty boys (age 13 years) were randomly assigned
to two experimental groups, which had to perform a monopedal stepping exercise until
exhaustion. One group had to step up and down (U/D) in the same rhythm of one second
each, while the other group (U/DD) had to step up during one second and to step down
during two seconds, thereby experiencing a higher eccentric load. Blood samples were
collected before and at 0, 1, and 24 hrs after exercise, and F VIII, t-PA, PAI-1,
and D-dimer were determined as markers for coagulation or fibrinolysis, respectively.
While the tendency for hypercoagulability was counterbalanced by fibrinolysis in the
U/D group, the U/DD group showed a prothrombotic and hypofibrinolytic hemostatic response.
It is assumed that eccentric exercise, beyond the well-known muscle fiber damage,
also leads to some damage of the endothelial cells, affecting their capacity to liberate
sufficient amounts of fibrinolytic agents.
Key words
Exercise - muscle contractions - endothelium - coagulation - fibrinolysis
References
- 1
Adams G R, Duvoisin M R, Dudley G A.
Magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography as indexes of muscle function.
J Appl Physiol.
1992;
73
1578-1583
- 2
Andrew M, Carter C, O'Brodovich H, Heigenhauser G.
Increases in factor VIII complex and fibrinolytic activity are dependent on exercise
intensity.
J Appl Physiol.
1986;
60
1917-1922
- 3
Armstrong R B, Taylor C R.
Glycogen loss in rat muscles during locomotion on different inclines.
J Exp Biol.
1993;
176
135-144
- 4
Asmussen E.
Positive and negative muscular work.
Acta Physiol Scand.
1953;
28
364-382
- 5
Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods J J.
Integrated electromyogram and oxygen uptake during positive and negative work.
J Physiol.
1976;
260
267-277
- 6
Bonde-Petersen F, Knuttgen H G, Henriksson J.
Muscle metabolism during exercise with concentric and eccentric contractions.
J Appl Physiol.
1972;
33
792-795
- 7
Bouma B N, Mosnier L O.
Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) at the interface between coagulation
and fibrinolysis.
Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb.
2004;
33
375-381
- 8
Bourey R E, Santoro S A.
Interactions of exercise, coagulation, platelets, and fibrinolysis - a brief review.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1988;
20
439-446
- 9
Colman R W.
Role of the light chain of high molecular weight kininogen in adhesion, cell-associated
proteolysis and angiogenesis.
Biol Chem.
2001;
382
65-70
- 10
Davis G L, Abildgaard C F, Bernauer E M, Britton M.
Fibrinolytic and hemostatic changes during and after maximal exercise in males.
J Appl Physiol.
1976;
40
287-292
- 11
Duarte J A, Appell H J, Carvalho F, Bastos M L, Soares J M.
Endothelium-derived oxidative stress may contribute to exercise-induced muscle damage.
Int J Sports Med.
1993;
14
440-443
- 12
Duarte J A, Magalhaes J F, Monteiro L, Almeida-Dias A, Soares J M, Appell H J.
Exercise-induced signs of muscle overuse in children.
Int J Sports Med.
1999;
20
103-108
- 13
El-Sayed M S, Lin X, Rattu A J.
Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis at rest and in response to maximal exercise before
and after a physical conditioning programme.
Blood Coagul Fibrinol.
1995;
6
747-752
- 14
Esmon C T.
The impact of the inflammatory response on coagulation.
Thromb Res.
2004;
114
321-327
- 15
Ferguson E W, Bernier L L, Banta G R, Yu-Yahiro J, Schoomaker E B.
Effects of exercise and conditioning on clotting and fibrinolytic activity in men.
J Appl Physiol.
1987;
62
1416-1421
- 16
Gibala M J, MacDougall J D, Tarnopolsky M A, Stauber W T, Elorriaga A.
Changes in human skeletal muscle ultrastructure and force production after acute resistance
exercise.
J Appl Physiol.
1995;
78
702-708
- 17
Hansen J B, Wilsgard L, Olsen J O, Osterud B.
Formation and persistence of procoagulant and fibrinolytic activities in circulation
after strenuous physical exercise.
Thromb Haemost.
1990;
64
385-389
- 18
Hortobágyi T, Houmard J, Fraser D, Dudek R, Lambert J, Tracy J.
Normal forces and myofibrillar disruption after repeated eccentric exercise.
J Appl Physiol.
1998;
84
492-498
- 19
MacIntyre D L, Reid W D, Lyster D M, Szasz I J, Mc-Kenzie D C.
Presence of WBC, decreased strength, and delayed soreness in muscle after eccentric
exercise.
J Appl Physiol.
1996;
80
1006-1013
- 20
Malm C, Lenkei R, Sjödin B.
Effects of eccentric exercise on the immune system in men.
J Appl Physiol.
1999;
86
461-468
- 21
Matz R L, Andriantsitohaina R.
Age-related endothelial dysfunction: potential implications for pharmacotherapy.
Drugs Aging.
2003;
20
527-550
- 22
Molz A B, Heyduck B, Lill H, Spanuth E, Rocker L.
The effect of different exercise intensities on the fibrinolytic system.
Eur J Appl Physiol.
1993;
67
298-304
- 23
Nielson H B, Secher N H, Kappel M, Hanel B, Pedersen B.
Lymphocyte, NK, and LAK cell responses to maximal exercise.
Int J Sports Med.
1996;
17
60-65
- 24
Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bandinelli B, Fedi S, Cellai A P, Liotta A A, Gatteschi L, Giusti B,
Colella A, Abbate R, Gensini G F.
Evaluation of clotting and fibrinolytic activation after protracted physical exercise.
Thromb Res.
1998;
89
73-78
- 25
Rankinen T, Vaisanen S, Penttila I, Rauramaa R.
Acute dynamic exercise increases fibrinolytic activity.
Thromb Haemost.
1995;
73
281-286
- 26
Sackner M A, Gummels E M, Adams J A.
Say NO to fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: an alternative and complementary
therapy to aerobic exercise.
Med Hypoth.
2004;
63
118-123
- 27
Speidl W S, Zeiner A, Nikfardjam M, Geppert A, Jordanova N, Niessner A, Zorn G, Maurer G,
Schreiber W, Wojta J, Huber K.
An increase of C-reactive protein is associated with enhanced activation of endogenous
fibrinolysis at baseline but an impaired endothelial fibrinolytic response after venous
occlusion.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2005;
45
30-34
- 28
Spitler D L, Alexander W C, Hoffler G W, Doerr D F, Buchanan P.
Haptoglobin and serum enzyme responses to maximal exercise in relation to physical
fitness.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1984;
16
366-370
- 29
Vallance P.
Nitric oxide synthesised from L-arginine mediates endothelium dependent dilatation
in human veins in vivo.
Cardiovasc Res.
2000;
45
143-147
- 30
van den Burg P J, Hospers J E, Mosterd W L, Bouma B N, Huisveld I A.
Aging, physical conditioning, and exercise-induced changes in hemostatic factors and
reaction products.
J Appl Physiol.
2000;
88
1558-1564
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. H.-J. Appell
Department of Physiology and Anatomy
German Sport University
50927 Cologne
Germany
Telefon: + 4922149825430
eMail: appell@dshs-koeln.de
