Zusammenfassung
Die im Rahmen der modernen fetalen Herzdiagnostik zum Einsatz kommenden diagnostischen
Ultraschallanwendungen können nicht per se als vollkommen ungefährlich eingestuft
werden. Das Auftreten ultraschallinduzierter Kavitationen sowie die Gewebeerwärmung
infolge von Schallabsorptionsphänomenen sind insbesondere bei der transvaginalen Applikation
der Impuls-Doppler-Verfahren von Bedeutung. Die Beurteilung eines etwaigen Schädigungsrisikos
durch diese Effekte sowie die Definition von sinnvollen Obergrenzen für Schallleistung
und Beschallungsdauer ist insbesondere für das erste Trimenon nur bedingt zuverlässig.
Grundsätzlich gilt, dass die Ultraschallexpositionszeit und die gewählte Intensität
auf ein Minimum (sog. ALARA [= as low as reasonably achievable]-Prinzip) reduziert
werden sollten. Inwieweit die 3D-Fetalechokardiographie geeignet ist, die fetalen
Untersuchungszeiten und die damit verbundene Ultraschallexposition zu reduzieren,
muss noch kontrolliert-prospektiv überprüft werden.
Abstract
Uncertainties remain whether acoustic exposure to fetal echocardiography scanning
devices is capable of creating harmful biological risks for the fetus. Transvaginal
exposure to pulsed Doppler ultrasound may result in thermally or cavitation-type mediated
bioeffects. It is unlikely that two- and three-dimensional fetal echocardiography
poses a risk to the unborn when used according to published safety guidelines. However
with numerous recent technological changes in modern ultrasound devices, some of these
regulations may underestimate the possible extent of ultrasound-induced effects in
the first trimester. To ensure the continued safe use of ultrasound in fetal echocardiography
the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle should be adhered to as far
as possible. Whether three-dimensional imaging of the fetal heart offers the possibility
to reduce the scanning time/ultrasound exposure of the fetus has yet to be proven
by ongoing research.
Schlüsselwörter
Fetale Echokardiographie - 3D-Sonographie - Ultraschallsicherheit - thermische Bioeffekte
Key words
Fetal echocardiography - three-dimensional sonography - pulsed Doppler - thermal bioeffects
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Matthias Meyer-Wittkopf
Universitäts-Frauenklinik Tübingen (Direktor: Professor Dr. med. D. Wallwiener)
Calwer Straße 7
72072 Tübingen
Email: Matthias.Meyer-Wittkopf@med.uni-tuebingen.de