Angiogenese im Corpus luteum des menstruellen Zyklus und der Frühgravidität

Zusammenfassung

Die Entwicklung eines normalen Gefäßsystems ist eine Voraussetzung für die Funktionsfähigkeit von Organen, da nur über die Blutbahn die Zellen mit Nährstoffen und Sauerstoff versorgt werden. Unter Vaskulogenese versteht man die Entwicklung der großen Stammgefäße im Organismus, die nur während der Embryonalperiode vorkommt, während Angiogenese als die Entwicklung neuer, abzweigender Kapillaren aus vorbestehenden Stammgefäßen definiert wird. Angiogenese findet auch später im ausgewachsenen Organismus vor allem bei Pathologien (Tumorangiogenese, Wundheilung, diabetische Retinopathie, Endometriose) statt. Ansonsten sind die meisten Organgefäßsysteme des Erwachsenen ausgereift, so dass aktive Angiogenese nicht mehr benötigt wird. Eine Ausnahme ist der weibliche Reproduktionstrakt. Als Besonderheit findet hier Angiogenese in monatlichen Zyklen statt, so dass eine übergeordnete hormonelle Kontrolle anzunehmen ist. Die Angiogenese und deren Regulation lassen sich vor allem während der Corpus-luteum-Entwicklung untersuchen, da hier innerhalb weniger Tage ein Organgefäßsystem entsteht, das eine hohe Durchblutung gewährleistet, so dass das Corpus luteum zu den am besten durchbluteten Organen des Organismus gehört. Der Blutfluss im Corpus luteum lässt sich mit malignen Tumoren vergleichen. Dieser Übersichtsartikel beschreibt die Physiologie der angiogenetischen Vorgänge im Corpus luteum und diskutiert die molekularen und hormonellen Regulationsmechanismen mit besonderem Schwerpunkt während der Frühgravidität.

Abstract

The development of a vascular system for the supply of oxygen and nutrients is a prerequisite for normal organ function. Angiogenesis is the development of new capillaries from pre-existing vessels. The vasculature of the adult is normally quiescent except under pathological conditions such as tumour angiogenesis or wound healing. However physiological angiogenesis occurs regularly in the female reproductive tract during the ovulatory cycle. Here, angiogenesis appears to be hormonally controlled. The corpus luteum is a site of intense angiogenesis and, when mature, has the highest blood supply of any organ in the body, which is comparable with malignant tumours. Within a short period, the development of the luteal vasculature is followed either by controlled regression of the microvascular tree in the non-fertile cycle, or by maintenance and stabilisation of the new vasculature in a conceptual cycle. This review focuses on the molecular and hormonal regulation of angiogenesis in the corpus luteum, especially during simulated pregnancy in the human.

Schlüsselwörter

Angiogenese - Corpus luteum - Gonadotropine - VEGF

Key words

Angiogenesis - corpus luteum - gonadotrophin - VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

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