Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia

Athol U. Wells

doi:10.1055/s-2001-17387

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 22(4): 449-460
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-17387

Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia

Athol U. Wells

Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Fulham, London, UK

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The terms cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) and idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) are synonymous. Typical COP should be viewed as a clinicopathological syndrome, consisting of respiratory and systemic symptoms (usually low-grade), patchy consolidation on chest radiography and computed tomography, a restrictive defect on pulmonary function testing, and the presence of buds of granulation tissue within the distal airways and alveolar spaces. In the correct clinical context, the diagnosis can be secured by transbronchial biopsy, with typical bronchoalveolar lavage features providing useful diagnostic support. In typical COP, corticosteroid therapy is highly effective; an early trial of withdrawal of treatment is appropriate because relapse of COP is not associated with a poor long-term outcome. Atypical forms of COP are outlined in this article, including focal, explosive, progressive fibrotic, and nonprogressive fibrotic variants. The occasional evolution of COP into a progressive fibrotic disorder is associated with a poor long-term outcome and poses particular therapeutic difficulties.

KEYWORD

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia - bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia - prognosis

Volltext

Referenzen

REFERENCES

1 Davison A G, Heard B E, McAllister W AC, Turner-Warwick M EH. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Q J Med . 1983; 52 382-394
2 Epler G R, Colby T V, McCloud T C, Carrington C B, Gaensler E A. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. N Engl J Med . 1985; 312 152-158
3 Camus P, Lombard J N, Perrichon M. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in patients taking acebutolol or amiodarone. Thorax . 1989; 44 711-715
4 Gabazza E C, Taguchi O, Yamakami T. Pulmonary infiltrates and skin pigmentation associated with sulfasalazine. Am J Gastroenterol . 1992; 87 1654-1657
5 Ippolito J A, Palmer L, Spector S, Kane P B, Gorevic P D. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum . 1993; 23 70-78
6 Tazelaar H D, Viggiano R W, Pickersgill J, Colby T V. Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1990; 141 727-733
7 Camus P, Piard F, Ashcroft T, Gal A A, Colby T V. The lung in inflammatory bowel disease. Medicine (Baltimore) . 1993; 72 151-183
8 Watanabe K, Senju S, Maeda F, Yshida M. Four cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with thyroid disease. Respiration . 2000; 67 572-576
9 Stey C, Truninger K, Marti D, Vogt P, Medici T C. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with polymyalgia rheumatica. Eur Respir J . 1999; 13 926-929
10 Gul A, Yilmazbayhan D, Buyukbabani N. Organizing pneumonia associated with pulmonary artery aneurysms in Behcet's disease. Rheumatology . 1999; 38 1285-1289
11 Wells A U, du Bois M R. Bronchiolitis in association with connective tissue disease. Clin Chest Med . 1993; 14 655-666
12 Romero S, Martin C, Massut B, Aranda I, Hernandez L. Malignant lymphoma in a patient with relapsing bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest . 1992; 102 1895-1897
13 White D A, Wong P W, Downey R. The utility of open lung biopsy in patients with haematologic malignancies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2000; 161 723-729
14 Allen J N, Wewers M D. HIV-associated bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest . 1989; 96 197-198
15 Thirman M J, Devine S M, O'Toole K. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia as a complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant . 1992; 10 307-311
16 Siddiqui M T, Garrity E R, Hussain A N. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia-like reactions: a nonspecific response or an atypical form of rejection or infection in lung allograft recipients. Hum Pathol . 1996; 27 714-719
17 Bayle J Y, Nesme P, Bejuet-Thivolet F, Loire R, Guerin J C, Cordier J F. Migratory organizing pneumonitis primed by radiation therapy. Eur Respir J . 1995; 8 322-326
18 Masson P, Riopelle J L, Martin P. Poumon rhumatismal. Arch Anat Pathol . 1937; 14 359-382
19 Colby T V. Pathological aspects of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest . 1992 (suppl 1); 102 (38S-43S)
20 Kitaichi M. Differential diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest . 1992 (suppl 1); 102 (44S-49S)
21 Katzenstein A LA, Myers J L, Prophet W D, Corley L S, Shin M S. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia: a comparative clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol . 1986; 106 373-381
22 Chandler P W, Shin M S, Friedman S E, Myers J L, Katzenstein A LA. Radiographic manifestations of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia vs. usual interstitial pneumonia. Am J Roentgenol . 1986; 147 899-906
23 Guerry-Force M L, Muller N L, Wright J L. A comparison of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, usual interstitial pneumonia and small airways disease. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1987; 135 705-712
24 Cordier J F, Loire R, Brune J. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: definition of characteristic clinical profiles in a series of 16 patients. Chest . 1989; 96 999-1004
25 Cohen A J, King T E, Downey G P. Rapidly progressive bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 1994; 149 1670-1675
26 Youssem S A, Lohr R H, Colby T V. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia/cryptogenic organizing pneumonia with unfavourable outcome: pathologic predictors. Mod Pathol . 1997; 10 864-871
27 Geddes D M, Corrin B, Brewerton D A. Progressive airway obliteration in adults and its association with rheumatoid disease. Q J Med . 1977; 184 427-444
28 Godeau B, Cormier C, Menkes C J. Bronchiolitis obliterans in systemic lupus erythematosus: beneficial effect of intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis . 1991; 50 956-958
29 Prabhu M B, Barber D, Cockcroft D W. Bronchiolitis obliterans and Mycoplasma pneumonia. Resp Med . 1991; 83 535-537
30 Fortoul T I, Cano-Valle F, Oliva E, Barrios R. Follicular bronchiolitis in association with connective tissue diseases. Lung . 1985; 163 305-314
31 Yousem S A, Colby T V, Carrington C B. Follicular Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis. Human Pathology . 1985; 16 702-706
32 Geddes D M. BOOP and COP. Thorax . 1991; 46 545-547
33 du Bois M R, Geddes D M. Obliterative bronchiolitis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: three names for two different conditions. Eur Respir J . 1991; 4 774-775
34 Colby T V, Myers J L. Clinical and histologic spectrum of bronchiolitis obliterans, including bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Semin Respir Med . 1992; 13 119-133
35 Garg K, Lynch D A, Newell J D, King T E. Proliferative and constrictive bronchiolitis: classification and radiologic features. Am J Roentgenol . 1994; 162 803-808
36 Izumi T, Kitaichi M, Nishimura K, Nagai S. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: clinical features and differential diagnosis. Chest . 1992; 102 715-719
37 Yamamoto M, Ina Y, Kitaichi M, Harasawa M, Tamura M. Clinical features of BOOP in Japan. Chest . 1992; 102 21S-25S
38 King T E, Mortenson R L. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: the North American experience. Chest . 1992; 102 8S-13S
39 Costabel U, Teschler H, Schoenfeld B. BOOP in Europe. Chest . 1992; 102 14S-20S
40 Alasaly K, Muller N, Ostrow D N, Champion P, Fitzgerald J M. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: a report of 25 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) . 1995; 74 201-211
41 Lohr R H, Boland B J, Douglas W W. Organizing pneumonia: features and prognosis of cryptogenic, secondary and focal variants. Arch Intern Med . 1997; 157 1323-1329
42 Cazzato S, Zompatori M, Baruzzi G. Bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia: an Italian experience. Respir Med . 2000; 94 702-708
43 Costabel U, Guzman J, Teschler H. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia: outcome. Thorax . 1995 (suppl 1); 50 (S59-S64)
44 Ezri T, Kunichezky S, Eliraz A, Soroker D, Halperin D, Schattner A. Bronchiolitis obliterans: current concepts. Q J Med . 1994; 87 1-10
45 Epler G R. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect . 1995; 10 65-77
46 Nagai S, Izumi T. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med . 1996; 2 419-423
47 Cordier J-F. Organising pneumonia. Thorax . 2000; 55 318-328
48 Ackerman L V, Elliott G, Alanis M. Localised organizing pneumonia: its resemblance to carcinoma: a review of its clinical, roentgenographic and pathologic features. Am J Roentgenol . 1954; 71 988-996
49 Kohno N, Ikezoe J, Johkoh T. Focal organizing pneumonia: CT appearance. Radiology . 1993; 189 119-123
50 Domingo J A, Perez-Calvo J I, Carretero J A, Fernando J, Cay A, Civeira F. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: an unusual case of solitary pulmonary nodule. Chest . 1993; 103 1621-1623
51 Froudarakis M, Bouros D, Loire R, Valasiadou K, Tsiftis D, Siafakis N M. BOOP presenting with haemoptysis and multiple cavitary nodules. Eur Respir J . 1995; 8 1972-1974
52 Nizami I Y, Kissner D G, Visscher D W, Dubaybo B A. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. Chest . 1995; 108 271-277
53 Bellomo R, Finlay M, McLaughlin P. Clinical spectrum of cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. Thorax . 1991; 46 554-558
54 Schwarz M I. Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure following two weeks of dyspnoea in a 45-year-old woman. Chest . 1993; 104 927-929
55 Perez de Liano A L, Soilan J L, Garcia Pais J M, Mata I, Moreda M, Laserna B. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia presenting with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Med . 1998; 92 884-886
56 Mihara M, Johkoh T, Ichikado K. Can acute interstitial pneumonia be differentiated from bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia by high-resolution CT?. Radiat Med . 2000; 18 299-304
57 Nagai S, Kitaichi M, Itoh H, Nishimura K, Izumi T, Colby T V. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis: comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and BOOP. Eur Respir J . 1988; 12 1010-1019
58 Bartter T, Irwin R S, Nash G, Balikian J P, Hollingsworth H H. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia with peripheral infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. Arch Intern Med . 1989; 149 273-279
59 Kroegel C, Reibetaig A, Hengst U, Mock B, Hafner D, Grahmann P R. Bilateral symmetrical upper lobe abnormalities: an unusual presentation of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest . 2000; 118 863-865
60 Miyagawa Y, Nagata N, Shigematsu N. Clinicopathological study of migratory lung infiltrates. Thorax . 1991; 46 233-238
61 King T E. BOOP: an important cause of migratory pulmonary infiltrates. Eur Respir J . 1995; 8 193-195
62 Muller N L, Staples C A, Miller R R. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: CT features in 14 patients. Am J Roentgenol . 1990; 154 983-987
63 Nishimura K, Kitaichi M, Izumi T, Kanaoka M, Itoh H. CT pathologic correlative study of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Rinsho Hoshasen . 1989; 34 127-136
64 Preidler K W, Szolar D M, Moelleken M, Tripp R, Schreyer H. Distribution pattern of computed tomography findings in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Invest Radiol . 1996; 31 251-255
65 Haddock J AA, Hansell D M. The terminology and radiology of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Br J Radiol . 1992; 65 674-680
66 Lee K S, Kullnig P, Hartman T E, Muller N L. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: CT findings in 43 patients. Am J Roentgenol . 1994; 162 543-546
67 Ikezoe J, Johkoh T, Kohno N, Takeuchi N, Ichikado K, Nakamura H. High resolution CT findings of lung disease in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Thorac Imaging . 1996; 11 250-259
68 Akira M, Yamomoto S, Sakatani M. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia manifesting as multiple large nodules or masses. Am J Roentgenol . 1998; 170 291-295
69 Brown M J, Miller R R, Muller N L. Acute lung disease in the immunocompromised host: CT and pathological examination findings. Radiology . 1994; 160 585-588
70 Murphy J M, Schnyder P, Vershakelen J, Leuenberger P, Flower C D. Linear opacities on HRCT in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Eur Radiol . 1999; 9 1813-1817
71 Johkoh T, Muller N L, Ichikado K, Nakamura H, Itoh H, Nagareda T. Perilobular pulmonary opacities: high resolution CT findings and pathologic correlation. J Thorac Imaging . 1999; 14 172-177
72 Arakawa H, Kurihara Y, Niimi H, Nakajima Y, Johkoh T, Nakamura H. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia versus chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Am J Roentgenol . 2001; 176 1053-1058
73 Hartman T E, Primack S L, Kang E Y. Disease progression in usual interstitial pneumonia compared with desquamative interstitial pneumonia: assessment with serial CT. Chest . 1996; 110 378-382
74 Travis W D, Hoffman G S, Leavitt R Y, Pass H I, Fauci A S. Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener's granulomatosis: review of 87 open lung biopsies from 67 patients. Am J Surg Pathol . 1991; 15 315-333
75 Uner A H, Rozum-Slota B, Katzenstein A L. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)-like variant of Wegener's granulomatosis: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases. Am J Surg Pathol . 1996; 20 794-801
76 Lynch D A. Imaging of small airways disease. Clin Chest Med . 1993; 14 623-634
77 Costabel U, Teschler H, Guzman I. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP): the cytological and immunocytological profile of bronchoalveolar lavage. Eur Respir J . 1992; 5 791-797
78 Poletti V, Cazzato S, Minicuci N, Zompatori M, Burzi M, Schiattone M L. The diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial lung biopsy in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Eur Respir J . 1996; 9 2513-2516
79 Nagai S, Aung H, Tanaka S. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell findings in patients with BOOP and related diseases. Chest . 1992; 102 32s-37s
80 Pesci A, Majori M, Piccoli M L. Mast cells in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: mast cell hyperplasia and evidence for extracellular release of tryptase. Chest . 1996; 110 383-393
81 Epler G R. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Arch Intern Med . 2001; 161 158-164
82 Dina R, Sheppard M N. The histological diagnosis of clinically documented cases of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: diagnostic features in transbronchial biopsies. Histopathology . 1993; 23 541-545
83 Watanabe K, Senju S, Wen F Q, Shirakusa T, Maeda F, Yoshida M. Factors related to the relapse of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest . 1998; 114 1599-1606
84 Lazor R, Vandevenne A, Pelletier A, Leclerc P, Court-Fortune I, Cordier J F, and the Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies ``Orphelines'' Pulmonaires. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: characteristics of relapses in a series of 48 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2000; 162 571-577
85 Spiteri M A, Klenerman P, Sheppard M N, Padley S, Clarke T JK, Newman-Taylor A. Seasonal cryptogenic organizing pneumonia with biochemical cholestasis: a new clinical entity. Lancet . 1992; 340 281-284
86 Epler G R. Heterogeneity of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med . 1998; 4 93-97
87 King T E. Bronchiolitis. In: Schwarz MI and King TE, eds. Interstitial Lung Disease 3rd ed. Hamilton, ON, Canada: BC Decker 1998: 645-684
88 Purcell I F, Bourke S J, Marshall S M. Cyclophosphamide in severe steroid-resistant bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Respir Med . 1997; 91 175-177
89 Ichikawa Y, Ninomyiya H, Katsuki M, Hotta M, Tanaka M, Oizumi K. Low-dose erythromycin for treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Kurume Med J . 1993; 40 65-67
90 Watson D, Fadem J J. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia cured by standard dose inhaled triamcinolone. South Med J . 1995; 88 980-983