Zusammenfassung:
Die Fibromyalgie ist ein klinischer Symptomenkomplex, welcher gemäß den Klassifikationskriterien
des American College of Rheumatology 1990 definiert ist. Für die Diagnose ist zusätzlich
das Vorhandensein autonomer Dysfunktionen und psychischer Auffälligkeiten von Bedeutung.
Die Unterscheidung zwischen Fibromyalgie (Tender Points) und myofaszialem Schmerzsyndrom
(Trigger Points) erscheint essenziell, auch wenn man bei vielen Patienten mit Fibromyalgie
neben den für die Klassifikation erforderlichen Tender Points zusätzlich auch Trigger
Points findet. Internistische und neurologische Erkrankungen sind obligat auszuschließen.
Ätiologie und Pathogenese der Fibromyalgie sind bis heute nur lückenhaft bekannt.
Auch myopathologisch finden sich im Wesentlichen unspezifische Veränderungen wie eine
Typ-II-Faser-Atrophie, eine leichte Lipid- und Mitochondrienvermehrung in Typ-I-Fasern
und gelegentlich eine grenzwertige Anzahl sog. Ragged Red Fibers. Pathogenetisch bedeutsam
erscheinen Veränderungen im Serotonin-System sowie insbesondere eine deutlich erhöhte
Konzentration von Substanz P im Liquor. Aus der Grundlagenforschung abgeleitete Konzepte,
welche die Generalisierung und Chronifizierung muskuloskeletaler Schmerzen betreffen,
werden diskutiert. Die Diagnose der primären Fibromyalgie bedarf einer sorgfältigen
Ausschlussdiagnostik. Die Differenzialdiagnose zu chronischen somatoformen Schmerzstörungen
ist fließend.
Fibromyalgia:
The classification of fibromyalgia is based on the criteria of the American College
of Rheumatology. For diagnostic reasons autonomic disturbances and mental features
have to be considered. The distinction between fibromyalgia (tender points) and myofascial
pain syndrome (trigger points) is essential. Internal and neurological disorders as
a primary cause of fibromyalgia have to be excluded. The aetiology and pathogenesis
of fibromyalgia still remain uncertain. The myopathological patterns in fibromyalgia
are non-specific: type-II-fiber-atrophy, a slight increase in lipid droplets, a proliferation
of mitochondria and a slightly elevated incidence of ragged red fibers. Biochemically
alterations of the serotonin system and high levels of substance P in the cerebrospinal
fluid of fibromyalgia patients are important. Animal experiments showed that the central
stimulation by nociceptor input from muscles is exaggerated in skeletal muscle pain
conditions, suggesting central hyperexcitability. The diagnosis of fibromyalgia requires
a thorough exclusion of other rheumatologic and neurologic disorders. The differential
diagnosis is complicated by an overlap to other chronic somatoform pain disorders.
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5-8
Prof. Dr. med D Pongratz
Dr. med M Späth
Friedrich-Baur-Institut
bei der Medizinischen und der Neurologischen Klinik
Klinikum der Universität, Innenstadt
Ziemssenstraße 1
80336 München