Recovery from Sepsis: Management beyond Acute Care

Sarah K. Andersen; Margaret S. Herridge; Kirsten M. Fiest

doi:10.1055/s-0044-1787993

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 45(04): 523-532
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787993

Review Article

Recovery from Sepsis: Management beyond Acute Care

Authors

Sarah K. Andersen

¹Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

²Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Margaret S. Herridge

³Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Kirsten M. Fiest

⁴Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Abstract

Recovery from sepsis is a key global health issue, impacting 38 million sepsis survivors worldwide per year. Sepsis survivors face a wide range of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial sequelae. Readmissions to hospital following sepsis are an important driver of global healthcare utilization and cost. Family members of sepsis survivors also experience significant stressors related to their role as informal caregivers. Increasing recognition of the burdens of sepsis survivorship has led to the development of postsepsis recovery programs to better support survivors and their families, although optimal models of care remain uncertain. The goal of this article is to perform a narrative review of recovery from sepsis from the perspective of patients, families, and health systems.

Keywords

sepsis - critical care - postintensive care syndrome - recovery - patient-centered care - family-centered care - global health

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W. et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med 2021; 47 (11) 1181-1247
2 Reinhart K, Daniels R, Kissoon N, Machado FR, Schachter RD, Finfer S. Recognizing sepsis as a global health priority - a WHO resolution. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (05) 414-417
3 Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM. et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 2020; 395 (10219): 200-211
4 Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, Langa KM. Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA 2010; 304 (16) 1787-1794
5 Wang HE, Kabeto MM, Gray M. et al. Trajectory of cognitive decline after sepsis. Crit Care Med 2021; 49 (07) 1083-1094
6 Umberger RA, Thomas SP. Survivor but not fully recovered: the lived experience after 1 year of surviving sepsis. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2019; 38 (06) 317-327
7 Pandolfi F, Brun-Buisson C, Guillemot D, Watier L. Care pathways of sepsis survivors: sequelae, mortality and use of healthcare services in France, 2015-2018. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 438
8 Thompson K, Taylor C, Jan S. et al. Health-related outcomes of critically ill patients with and without sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (08) 1249-1257
9 Huang CY, Daniels R, Lembo A. et al; Sepsis Survivors Engagement Project (SSEP). Life after sepsis: an international survey of survivors to understand the post-sepsis syndrome. Int J Qual Health Care 2019; 31 (03) 191-198
10 Schmidt KF, Schwarzkopf D, Baldwin LM. et al; SMOOTH Study Group. Long-term courses of sepsis survivors: effects of a primary care management intervention. Am J Med 2020; 133 (03) 381-385.e5
11 Prescott HC, Iwashyna TJ, Blackwood B. et al. Understanding and enhancing sepsis survivorship. priorities for research and practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200 (08) 972-981
12 Pun BT, Balas MC, Barnes-Daly MA. et al. Caring for critically ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle: results of the ICU liberation collaborative in over 15,000 adults. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (01) 3-14
13 Liu VX, Fielding-Singh V, Greene JD. et al. The timing of early antibiotics and hospital mortality in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196 (07) 856-863
14 Evans IVR, Phillips GS, Alpern ER. et al. Association between the New York sepsis care mandate and in-hospital mortality for pediatric sepsis. JAMA 2018; 320 (04) 358-367
15 Cheshire J, Jones L, Munthali L. et al. The FAST-M complex intervention for the detection and management of maternal sepsis in low-resource settings: a multi-site evaluation. BJOG 2021; 128 (08) 1324-1333
16 Gomes MF, Faiz MA, Gyapong JO. et al; Study 13 Research Group. Pre-referral rectal artesunate to prevent death and disability in severe malaria: a placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373 (9663): 557-566
17 Tshefu A, Lokangaka A, Ngaima S. et al; African Neonatal Sepsis Trial (AFRINEST) group. Simplified antibiotic regimens compared with injectable procaine benzylpenicillin plus gentamicin for treatment of neonates and young infants with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection when referral is not possible: a randomised, open-label, equivalence trial. Lancet 2015; 385 (9979): 1767-1776
18 Rahmel T, Schmitz S, Nowak H. et al. Long-term mortality and outcome in hospital survivors of septic shock, sepsis, and severe infections: the importance of aftercare. PLoS One 2020; 15 (02) e0228952
19 Farrah K, McIntyre L, Doig CJ. et al. Sepsis-associated mortality, resource use, and healthcare costs: a propensity-matched cohort study. Crit Care Med 2021; 49 (02) 215-227
20 Chang DW, Tseng CH, Shapiro MF. Rehospitalizations following sepsis: common and costly. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (10) 2085-2093
21 Schmidt KFR, Huelle K, Reinhold T. et al; The Smooth Study Group. healthcare utilization and costs in sepsis survivors in Germany-secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. J Clin Med 2022; 11 (04) 1142
22 Kaukonen K-M, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. JAMA 2014; 311 (13) 1308-1316
23 Schuler A, Wulf DA, Lu Y. et al. The impact of acute organ dysfunction on long-term survival in sepsis. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (06) 843-849
24 Taylor SP, Kowalkowski MA, Courtright KR. et al. Deficits in identification of goals and goal-concordant care after sepsis hospitalization. J Hosp Med 2021; 16 (11) 667-670
25 Tiru B, DiNino EK, Orenstein A. et al. The economic and humanistic burden of severe sepsis. PharmacoEconomics 2015; 33 (09) 925-937
26 Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (21) 2063
27 Prescott HC, Angus DC. Enhancing recovery from sepsis: a review. JAMA 2018; 319 (01) 62-75
28 Needham DM, Davidson J, Cohen H. et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference. Crit Care Med 2012; 40 (02) 502-509
29 Calsavara AJC, Nobre V, Barichello T, Teixeira AL. Post-sepsis cognitive impairment and associated risk factors: a systematic review. Aust Crit Care 2018; 31 (04) 242-253
30 Annane D, Sharshar T. Cognitive decline after sepsis. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3 (01) 61-69
31 Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC. et al; BRAIN-ICU Study Investigators. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (14) 1306-1316
32 Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B. et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004; 291 (14) 1753-1762
33 Ji M-H, Gao Y-Z, Shi C-N, Wu X-M, Yang J-J. Acute and long-term cognitive impairment following sepsis: mechanism and prevention. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23 (10) 931-943
34 Brummel NE, Girard TD, Ely EW. et al. Feasibility and safety of early combined cognitive and physical therapy for critically ill medical and surgical patients: the Activity and Cognitive Therapy in ICU (ACT-ICU) trial. Intensive Care Med 2014; 40 (03) 370-379
35 Jackson JC, Ely EW, Morey MC. et al. Cognitive and physical rehabilitation of intensive care unit survivors: results of the RETURN randomized controlled pilot investigation. Crit Care Med 2012; 40 (04) 1088-1097
36 Muradov O, Petrovskaya O, Papathanassoglou E. Effectiveness of cognitive interventions on cognitive outcomes of adult intensive care unit survivors: a scoping review. Aust Crit Care 2021; 34 (05) 473-485
37 Wintermann GB, Brunkhorst FM, Petrowski K. et al. Stress disorders following prolonged critical illness in survivors of severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (06) 1213-1222
38 Calsavara AJ, Costa PA, Nobre V, Teixeira AL. Prevalence and risk factors for post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in sepsis survivors after ICU discharge. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 43 (03) 269-276
39 Oh TK, Park HY, Song IA. Depression and long-term survival among South Korean sepsis survivors: a nationwide cohort study from 2011 to 2014. Crit Care Med 2021; 49 (09) 1470-1480
40 Oh TK, Park HY, Song IA. Prevalence and risk factors for suicide in patients with sepsis: nationwide cohort study in South Korea. BJPsych Open 2022; 8 (02) e61
41 Davydow DS, Hough CL, Langa KM, Iwashyna TJ. Symptoms of depression in survivors of severe sepsis: a prospective cohort study of older Americans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 21 (09) 887-897
42 Borges RC, Carvalho CR, Colombo AS, da Silva Borges MP, Soriano FG. Physical activity, muscle strength, and exercise capacity 3 months after severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41 (08) 1433-1444
43 Sasegbon A, O'Shea L, Hamdy S. Examining the relationship between sepsis and oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalised elderly patients: a retrospective cohort study. Frontline Gastroenterol 2018; 9 (04) 256-261
44 Zielske J, Bohne S, Brunkhorst FM, Axer H, Guntinas-Lichius O. Acute and long-term dysphagia in critically ill patients with severe sepsis: results of a prospective controlled observational study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271 (11) 3085-3093
45 Boede M, Gensichen JS, Jackson JC. et al. Trajectories of depression in sepsis survivors: an observational cohort study. Crit Care 2021; 25 (01) 161
46 Kosilek RP, Schmidt K, Baumeister SE, Gensichen J, Group SS. SMOOTH Study Group. Frequency and risk factors of post-intensive care syndrome components in a multicenter randomized controlled trial of German sepsis survivors. J Crit Care 2021; 65: 268-273
47 Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matté A. et al; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (14) 1293-1304
48 Kress JP, Hall JB. ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. N Engl J Med 2014; 371 (03) 287-288
49 Poulsen JB, Møller K, Kehlet H, Perner A. Long-term physical outcome in patients with septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53 (06) 724-730
50 Lad H, Saumur TM, Herridge MS. et al. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness: not just another muscle atrophying condition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21 (21) 7840
51 Ferrante LE, Murphy TE, Leo-Summers LS. et al. Development and validation of a prediction model for persistent functional impairment among older ICU survivors. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023; 71 (01) 188-197
52 Nakajima H, Nishikimi M, Shimizu M. et al. Clinical frailty scale score before ICU admission is associated with mobility disability in septic patients receiving early rehabilitation. Crit Care Explor 2019; 1 (12) e0066
53 Kayambu G, Boots R, Paratz J. Early physical rehabilitation in intensive care patients with sepsis syndromes: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41 (05) 865-874
54 Sakai Y, Yamamoto S, Karasawa T. et al. Effects of early rehabilitation in sepsis patients by a specialized physical therapist in an emergency center on the return to activities of daily living independence: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17 (03) e0266348
55 Spoden M, Hartog CS, Schlattmann P. et al. Occurrence and risk factors for new dependency on chronic care, respiratory support, dialysis and mortality in the first year after sepsis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 878337
56 Ou SM, Chu H, Chao PW. et al. Long-term mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in sepsis survivors. a nationwide population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194 (02) 209-217
57 Angriman F, Lawler PR, Shah BR, Martin CM, Scales DC. the Sepsis Canada Network. Prevalent diabetes and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in adult sepsis survivors: a population-based cohort study. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 302
58 Venet F, Monneret G. Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14 (02) 121-137
59 Hästbacka J, But A, Strandberg G, Lipcsey M. Risk of malignant disease in 1-year sepsis survivors, a registry-based nationwide follow-up study. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 376
60 Shankar-Hari M, Saha R, Wilson J. et al. Rate and risk factors for rehospitalisation in sepsis survivors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46 (04) 619-636
61 Prescott HC, Langa KM, Iwashyna TJ. Readmission diagnoses after hospitalization for severe sepsis and other acute medical conditions. JAMA 2015; 313 (10) 1055-1057
62 Hilton RS, Hauschildt K, Shah M, Kowalkowski M, Taylor S. The assessment of social determinants of health in postsepsis mortality and readmission: a scoping review. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4 (08) e0722
63 Shankar-Hari M, Rubenfeld GD, Ferrando-Vivas P, Harrison DA, Rowan K. Development, validation, and clinical utility assessment of a prognostic score for 1-year unplanned rehospitalization or death of adult sepsis survivors. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3 (09) e2013580
64 Taylor SP, Bray BC, Chou SH, Burns R, Kowalkowski MA. Clinical subtypes of sepsis survivors predict readmission and mortality after hospital discharge. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2022; 19 (08) 1355-1363
65 Winters BD, Eberlein M, Leung J, Needham DM, Pronovost PJ, Sevransky JE. Long-term mortality and quality of life in sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2010; 38 (05) 1276-1283
66 Carey MR, Prescott HC, Iwashyna TJ, Wilson ME, Fagerlin A, Valley TS. Changes in self-rated health after sepsis in older adults: a retrospective cohort study. Chest 2020; 158 (05) 1958-1966
67 König C, Matt B, Kortgen A, Turnbull AE, Hartog CS. What matters most to sepsis survivors: a qualitative analysis to identify specific health-related quality of life domains. Qual Life Res 2019; 28 (03) 637-647
68 Yende S, Austin S, Rhodes A. et al. Long-term quality of life among survivors of severe sepsis: analyses of two international trials. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (08) 1461-1467
69 Fleischmann-Struzek C, Ditscheid B, Rose N. et al. Return to work after sepsis-a German population-based health claims study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10: 1187809
70 Skei NV, Moe K, Nilsen TIL. et al. Return to work after hospitalization for sepsis: a nationwide, registry-based cohort study. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 443
71 Choi J, Son YJ, Tate JA. Exploring positive aspects of caregiving in family caregivers of adult ICU survivors from ICU to four months post-ICU discharge. Heart Lung 2019; 48 (06) 553-559
72 Umberger RA, Todt K, Talbott E, Sparks L, Thomas SP. Advocating for a loved one in the setting of uncertainty: a mixed-methods study among caregivers of sepsis survivors at the point of a sepsis readmission. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2021; 40 (01) 36-50
73 Stayt LC, Venes TJ. Outcomes and experiences of relatives of patients discharged home after critical illness: a systematic integrative review. Nurs Crit Care 2019; 24 (03) 162-175
74 van Beusekom I, Bakhshi-Raiez F, de Keizer NF, Dongelmans DA, van der Schaaf M. Reported burden on informal caregivers of ICU survivors: a literature review. Crit Care 2016; 20: 16
75 Downar J, Koo E, des Ordons AR. et al. Prevalence and predictors of severe grief reactions and desire for support following a death in the intensive care unit: a multicentre observational study. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (04) 521-522
76 Kentish-Barnes N, Chaize M, Seegers V. et al. Complicated grief after death of a relative in the intensive care unit. Eur Respir J 2015; 45 (05) 1341-1352
77 Millward K, McGraw C, Aitken LM. The expressed support needs of families of adults who have survived critical illness: a thematic synthesis. Int J Nurs Stud 2021; 122: 104048
78 Christopher TE, Siegel MD. Caring for the ICU survivor: the family caregiver burden. In: Stevens RD, Hart N, Herridge MS. eds. Textbook of Post-ICU Medicine: The Legacy of Critical Care. Oxford University Press; 2014: 108-122
79 Van Pelt DC, Milbrandt EB, Qin L. et al. Informal caregiver burden among survivors of prolonged mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175 (02) 167-173
80 van den Born-van Zanten SA, Dongelmans DA, Dettling-Ihnenfeldt D, Vink R, van der Schaaf M. Caregiver strain and posttraumatic stress symptoms of informal caregivers of intensive care unit survivors. Rehabil Psychol 2016; 61 (02) 173-178
81 Khandelwal N, Hough CL, Downey L. et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of financial stress in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (06) e530-e539
82 Gallop KH, Kerr CE, Nixon A, Verdian L, Barney JB, Beale RJ. A qualitative investigation of patients' and caregivers' experiences of severe sepsis*. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (02) 296-307
83 Davydow DS, Hough CL, Langa KM, Iwashyna TJ. Depressive symptoms in spouses of older patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2012; 40 (08) 2335-2341
84 Johnson CC, Suchyta MR, Darowski ES. et al. Psychological sequelae in family caregivers of critically iii intensive care unit patients. A systematic review. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16 (07) 894-909
85 Cameron JI, Chu LM, Matte A. et al, One-year outcomes in caregivers of critically ill patients. NEJM 2016; 374: 1831-1841
86 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Kentish-Barnes N. et al; FAMIREA Study Group. Risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms in family members of intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (09) 987-994
87 Andersen SK, Butler RA, Chang CH, Arnold R, Angus DC, White DB. Prevalence of long-term decision regret and associated risk factors in a large cohort of ICU surrogate decision makers. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 61
88 Sottile PD, Lynch Y, Mealer M, Moss M. Association between resilience and family member psychologic symptoms in critical illness. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (08) e721-e727
89 Curtis JR, Treece PD, Nielsen EL. et al. Randomized trial of communication facilitators to reduce family distress and intensity of end-of-life care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193 (02) 154-162
90 McIlroy PA, King RS, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Tabah A, Ramanan M. The effect of ICU diaries on psychological outcomes and quality of life of survivors of critical illness and their relatives: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (02) 273-279
91 Haines KJ, Beesley SJ, Hopkins RO. et al. Peer support in critical care: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (09) 1522-1531
92 Prigerson HG, Viola M, Brewin CR. et al. Enhancing & Mobilizing the POtential for Wellness & Emotional Resilience (EMPOWER) among surrogate decision-makers of ICU patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20 (01) 408
93 Suen AO, Butler RA, Arnold RM. et al. A pilot randomized trial of an interactive web-based tool to support surrogate decision makers in the intensive care unit. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18 (07) 1191-1201
94 Vranceanu A-M, Bannon S, Mace R. et al. Feasibility and efficacy of a resiliency intervention for the prevention of chronic emotional distress among survivor-caregiver dyads admitted to the neuroscience intensive care unit: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3 (10) e2020807
95 Downar J, Sinuff T, Kalocsai C. et al. A qualitative study of bereaved family members with complicated grief following a death in the intensive care unit. Can J Anaesth 2020; 67 (06) 685-693
96 Kentish-Barnes N, Chevret S, Champigneulle B. et al; Famirea Study Group. Effect of a condolence letter on grief symptoms among relatives of patients who died in the ICU: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2017; 43 (04) 473-484
97 Barnato AE, Schenker Y, Tiver G. et al. Storytelling in the early bereavement period to reduce emotional distress among surrogates involved in a decision to limit life support in the ICU: a pilot feasibility trial. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (01) 35-46
98 Brunker LB, Boncyk CS, Rengel KF, Hughes CG. Elderly patients and management in intensive care units (ICU): clinical challenges. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18: 93-112
99 Herridge MS, Azoulay É. Outcomes after critical illness. N Engl J Med 2023; 388 (10) 913-924
100 Ferrante LE, Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Gahbauer EA, Leo-Summers LS, Gill TM. Functional trajectories among older persons before and after critical illness. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175 (04) 523-529
101 Aunan JR, Watson MM, Hagland HR, Søreide K. Molecular and biological hallmarks of ageing. Br J Surg 2016; 103 (02) e29-e46
102 Devlin JW, O'Neal Jr HR, Thomas C. et al. Strategies to optimize ICU liberation (A to F) bundle performance in critically ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2 (06) e0139
103 Pun BT, Badenes R, Heras La Calle G. et al; COVID-19 Intensive Care International Study Group. Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9 (03) 239-250
104 Liu K, Nakamura K, Katsukawa H. et al. Implementation of the ABCDEF bundle for critically ill ICU patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-national 1-day point prevalence study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 735860
105 Jones C, Skirrow P, Griffiths RD. et al. Rehabilitation after critical illness: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2003; 31 (10) 2456-2461
106 Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS. et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373 (9678): 1874-1882
107 Denehy L, Skinner EH, Edbrooke L. et al. Exercise rehabilitation for patients with critical illness: a randomized controlled trial with 12 months of follow-up. Crit Care 2013; 17 (04) R156
108 Morris PE, Berry MJ, Files DC. et al. Standardized rehabilitation and hospital length of stay among patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016; 315 (24) 2694-2702
109 Moss M, Nordon-Craft A, Malone D. et al. A randomized trial of an intensive physical therapy program for patients with acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193 (10) 1101-1110
110 Schaller SJ, Anstey M, Blobner M. et al; International Early SOMS-guided Mobilization Research Initiative. Early, goal-directed mobilisation in the surgical intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016; 388 (10052): 1377-1388
111 Hodgson CL, Bailey M, Bellomo R. et al; TEAM Study Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Early active mobilization during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2022; 387 (19) 1747-1758
112 Patel BK, Wolfe KS, Patel SB. et al. Effect of early mobilisation on long-term cognitive impairment in critical illness in the USA: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2023; 11 (06) 563-572
113 Co I, Hyzy RC. Lost in transition: a call to arms for better transition from ICU to hospital ward. Crit Care Med 2020; 48 (07) 1075-1076
114 Sauro KM, Soo A, de Grood C. et al. Adverse events after transition from ICU to hospital ward: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med 2020; 48 (07) 946-953
115 Bourne RS, Herridge MS, Burry LD. Less inappropriate medication: first steps in medication optimization to improve post-intensive care patient recovery. Intensive Care Med 2024; 50 (06) 982-985
116 Bourne RS, Jeffries M, Phipps DL. et al. Understanding medication safety involving patient transfer from intensive care to hospital ward: a qualitative sociotechnical factor study. BMJ Open 2023; 13 (05) e066757
117 Bourne RS, Jennings JK, Panagioti M, Hodkinson A, Sutton A, Ashcroft DM. Medication-related interventions to improve medication safety and patient outcomes on transition from adult intensive care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Qual Saf 2022; 31 (08) 609-622
118 Troosters T, Demeyer H, Hornikx M, Camillo CA, Janssens W. Pulmonary rehabilitation. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35 (01) 241-249
119 Taylor RS, Dalal HM, McDonagh STJ. The role of cardiac rehabilitation in improving cardiovascular outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19 (03) 180-194
120 Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A. et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 2021; 27 (04) 601-615
121 Barker-Davies RM, O'Sullivan O, Senaratne KPP. et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54 (16) 949-959
122 Rudd KE, Kissoon N, Limmathurotsakul D. et al. The global burden of sepsis: barriers and potential solutions. Crit Care 2018; 22 (01) 232
123 Nazer L, Abusara A, Aloran B. et al. Patient diversity and author representation in clinical studies supporting the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021: a systematic review of citations. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23 (01) 751
124 Minejima E, Wong-Beringer A. Impact of socioeconomic status and race on sepsis epidemiology and outcomes. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 6 (01) 194-209
125 Wooldridge G, Murthy S, Kissoon N. Core outcome set in paediatric sepsis in low- and middle-income countries: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2020; 10 (04) e034960
126 Sepsis Canada. Accessed June 4, 2024 at: https://www.sepsiscanada.ca/about/about-sepsis-canada
127 Burns KEA, Misak C, Herridge M, Meade MO, Oczkowski S. Patient and Family Partnership Committee of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Patient and family engagement in the ICU. Untapped opportunities and underrecognized challenges. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198 (03) 310-319
128 Oxland P, Foster N, Fiest KM, Skrobik Y. Engaging patients and families to help research inform and advance patient and family-centered care in critical care medicine. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2020; 32 (02) 211-226
129 Czerwonka AI, Herridge MS, Chan L, Chu LM, Matte A, Cameron JI. Changing support needs of survivors of complex critical illness and their family caregivers across the care continuum: a qualitative pilot study of Towards RECOVER. J Crit Care 2015; 30 (02) 242-249
130 Watland S, Solberg Nes L, Hanson E, Ekstedt M, Stenberg U, Børøsund E. The caregiver pathway, a model for the systematic and individualized follow-up of family caregivers at intensive care units: development study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7: e46299